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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSTPUD 2021 Water Line Addendum to Cultural Report Final 2022.02 SOUTH TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT WATER LINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT 2021 (PIONEER TRAIL/BIJOU/HERBERT-WALKUP AREAS) CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY ADDENDUM TO SOUTH TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT 2020 WATER AND SEWER REPLACEMENT PROJECT CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY Report prepared by Susan Lindström, Ph.D. (RPA), Consulting Archaeologist Truckee, California Report prepared for South Tahoe Public Utilities District South Lake Tahoe, California December 2021 STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 i Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  TABLE OF CONTENTS page SUMMARY 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 4 Project Description and Location 4 Project Authority and Scope 7 SETTING 8 Native American Period 8 Euroamerican Period 9 Transportation 9 Logging 10 Grazing 10 Recreation and Community Development 11 METHODS 11 Record Search 11 Native American Outreach 15 Field Survey 16 Pioneer Trail Project Area 17 Bijou Project Area 26 Herbert-Walkup Project Area 33 RESULTS 38 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 39 REFERENCES 41 STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 ii Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  TABLE 1. Prior archaeological studies and known cultural resources within and near the project area 13 FIGURES 1. Project location map (topo) 5 2. Project location map (aerial) 5 3. Archaeological coverage map: Pioneer Trail Area (topo) 19 4. Archaeological coverage map: Pioneer Trail Area (aerial) 20 5. Archaeological coverage map detail: Pioneer Trail Area 21 6. Archaeological coverage map: Bijou and Herbert-Walkup Area (topo) 27 7. Archaeological coverage map: Bijou and Herbert-Walkup Area (aerial) 28 8. Archaeological coverage map detail: Bijou Area 29 9. Archaeological coverage map detail: Herbert-Walkup Area 39 PHOTOS 1. Intersection of Pioneer Trail and Susquehana Drive 18 2. Intersection of Pioneer Trail and Jicarilla Drive 22 3. Intersection of Pioneer and Golden Bear trails near the Saxon Creek crossing 22 4. Abandoned bridge foundations partly buried under highway fill outside APE 23 5. Intersection of Pioneer and Marshall trails 23 6. Erosion control barrier near intersection of Pioneer and Kokanee trails 24 7. Overview of Pioneer Trail showing open space 24 8. Fence line segment along south side of Pioneer Trail 25 9. Guardrail on south side of Pioneer Trail 25 10. Intersection of Treehaven and Takela drives 26 11. Intersection of Sandy Way and Takela Drive 30 12. Intersection of Freemont Avenue and Mono Lane 30 13. Intersection of Craig and Pickett avenues 31 14. Merge of Craig and Deer Park avenues showing undeveloped lots 31 15. Intersection of Pickett and Oak avenues showing undeveloped lots 32 16. Intersection of Cape Horn Road and Long Valley Avenue 32 17. Representative sample of historic homes within the south section of the Bijou Area 33 18. Intersection of Pioneer Trail and Herbert Avenue 35 19. Intersection of Pioneer Trail and Walkup Road 35 20. Intersection of Herbert Avenue and Warr Road 36 21. Intersection of Walkup and Red Lake roads showing open space 36 22. Intersection of Herbert and Red Lake Roads showing open space 37 23. Intersection of Walkup and Hobart roads 37  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 iii Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  APPENDIX 2 Resume 44 APPENDIX 2 North Central Information Center 2020 Correspondence 48 APPENDIX 3 Native American Correspondence 54 CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX (filed under separate report cover) STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 1 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  SUMMARY The South Tahoe Public Utility District (STPUD or District) is engaged in an on-going program to restore and upgrade aging water infrastructure in the City of South Lake Tahoe, California (El Dorado County). As part of this effort, in 2020 the STPUD initiated a comprehensive water line and sewer line replacement project covering numerous neighborhoods within STPUD area. In preparation for this project, an initial cultural resource investigation was completed in 2020 to conduct prefield records searches to identify any known cultural resources within the overall service area. The 2020 cultural report was intended to serve as a baseline study and complementary companion piece to aid in the preparation of subsequent cultural resource field investigations as the District moved forward to year-to-year project implementation of future pipeline rehabilitation/replacement projects. Because pipeline upgrades were in the early stages of planning, archaeological field surveys were deferred until specific pipeline replacements were delineated. The STPUD has now delineated three new water line projects involving replacement/installation of approximately 6.3 miles of water lines. All pipelines are to be installed within the road right-of-way under existing pavement or compacted road shoulder encompassing up to 10 feet out from the edge of pavement.  Pioneer Trail Area. Install ~9,300 feet of new pipeline on Pioneer Trail and 2,000 feet of pipeline replacement, including relocation of two PRV stations and one new pressure regulating station within the Pioneer Trail right-of-way  Bijou Area. Replace ~12,000 feet of existing pipeline in the Bijou neighborhood  Herbert-Walkup Area. Replace ~10,000 feet of existing pipeline in Herbert-Walkup neighborhood. All three new project areas fall within the record search radius of the 2020 baseline cultural report. As such, the current study serves as an addendum to the that cultural assessment. Since detailed discussions of project background and authority, cultural and environmental context, and archaeological methods appeared in the 2020 report, these topics are only briefly summarized in this study addendum, with the present focus intended to apply results of the 2020 records search to the 2021 archaeological field investigations. Areas subject to project ground disturbing activities within and surrounding the proposed 6.31 miles of water service improvements constitute the project “area of potential effect” or APE. The horizontal APE for the work area is the roadway (averaging 20 feet wide) plus a 10-foot-wide buffer zone along each road shoulder for a total width of 40 feet. The horizontal APE totals 33,300 lineal feet (6.31 miles), 1,332,000 square feet or 30.58 acres. The vertical APE encompasses a pipeline excavation depth of approximately five feet, except for the pressure regulating valves where over-excavation for supports would extend the maximum depth to eight feet. As part of the planning process, a set of environmental studies are required, including a cultural resource inventory. Since the project is situated in El Dorado County in the Lake Tahoe Basin, a cultural resource study needs to comply with El Dorado County mandates under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA Section 5024, Public Resource Code) and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) guidelines under the Code of Ordinances, Chapter 67. The project is being funded through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF) program, which STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 2 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  is under the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). The SRF program involves federal money from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that the SWRCB distributes. Accordingly, the SWRCB requires environmental compliance with CEQA as well as federal statutes involving cultural resources management under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Within this regulatory context, cultural resource studies are customarily performed in a series of phases, each one building upon information gained from the prior study. The inventory phase (Phase 1) involves prefield research and Native American contact (Phase 1A), field reconnaissance (Phase 1B), and documentation of any cultural resources located within the project area (Phase 1C). If cultural properties are present and subject to project-related impacts, their significance is evaluated according to eligibility criteria established in the National Register of Historic Places and/or California Register of Historical Resources (Phase 2). If project redesign to avoid impacts to eligible resources is unfeasible, then mitigation measures are implemented (Phase 3). Mitigation (or data recovery) typically involves supplemental archival research, field excavation, photo documentation, mapping, archaeological monitoring, interpretation, etc. The objectives of this study are designed to satisfy cultural guidelines pertaining to Phase 1A and Phase 1B. To accomplish this work, the STPUD retained consulting archaeologist Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Tasks included:  review historical and archaeological background research of the project area  review and apply 2020 record search results from the California Historical Resources Information System, North Central Information Center at California State University Sacramento  as per CEQA guidelines and mandates under California Assembly Bill 52, request a records search of the Sacred Lands File by the Native American Heritage Commission and initiate contacts with local tribal organizations identified by the Commission (accomplished by the STPUD)  conduct systematic reconnaissance level cultural resource field survey of the project APE  present findings in a technical report. The 2020 NCIC results disclosed that portions of the current project APE have been subject to at least one prior archaeological study, the 2020 STPUD Water Line Replacement initial study. Nineteen other projects have been conducted within the 1/16-mile search area radius. Four cultural resources occur within or adjoining the APE:  Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809) – Pioneer Trail and Herbert-Walkup project areas  Lake Valley Railroad (P-09-1917) – Pioneer Trail and Bijou Project Area  historic trash scatter (P-09-3485) – Herbert-Walkup Project Area  Woodburn Mill (P-09-3486) – Pioneer Trail Project Area STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 3 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  An archaeological field survey was conducted by Dr. Lindström on October 15, 2021. The field survey employed a mixed archaeological reconnaissance strategy, incorporating intensive, general and cursory coverage. No evidence of cultural resources previously recorded within or adjacent to the project APE was relocated during the field survey and no new cultural resources were discovered. Multiple residences over 50 years old occur within viewshed of the project APE, however, and they are treated as historic properties for the purposes of this project. Since these historical buildings are outside the direct project APE, they will not be physically impacted. Nor will the project introduce any indirect visual elements that would have an adverse effect on the setting or viewshed of these historic properties. Infrastructure development is part of the historic context of these residential neighborhoods and replacement of an existing buried pipeline will not alter the current neighborhood landscape character. Other potential indirect impacts associated with project activities (e.g., audible, air quality, etc.) will be temporary and limited to the duration of construction activities. Native American outreach initiated by the STPUD involved mailed certified letters and follow-up phone calls/emails/fax. No response was received. Since the overall project may receive funding from the federal government, any additional consultation with Native American groups would be accomplished by the appropriate federal agency and in coordination with the STPUD. In terms federal Section 106 guidelines, the study concludes there will be no impacts to cultural resources within the direct project APE or its viewshed and a finding of “no historic properties affected” is recommended. In terms of state CEQA and regional TRPA guidelines, the project will not alter or adversely affect the physical or aesthetic properties of any cultural structure, site, feature, or object. The project will not have the potential to cause a physical change that would affect unique ethnic (including Native American) cultural values or restrict religious or sacred uses. The potential effects of this project on cultural resources are not considered to be a significant effect on the environment. The archival research methods and archaeological techniques employed during this investigation have been comprehensive such that existing cultural materials in the project area visible to surface examination would have been identified. Given the project’s prior subsurface disturbance, it is doubtful that intact buried cultural deposits would be present. No further study or special operational constraints need be imposed upon the project sponsor. However, consultant’s statements regarding potential project impacts on cultural resources (i.e., “finding of effect”) are considered provisional pending concurrence by the state reviewing agency(s). In the event of unanticipated discoveries, project activities should cease near the find and a qualified archaeologist should be consulted to evaluate the cultural resource in accordance with federal, state and TRPA guidelines. Measures to mitigate project impacts (if appropriate) should be implemented before ground-disturbing work near the resource continues. In the unlikely event that human remains are encountered, all project activities should be stopped immediately, and the County Coroner’s Office should be contacted. If the remains are determined to be of Native American origin, the designated Most Likely Descendants should be notified and provide recommendations for the proper treatment of the burial remains within 24 hours. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 4 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  PROJECT BACKGROUND PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION In 2020 the South Tahoe Public Utility District (STPUD) initiated a waterline replacement project throughout their 23-square-mile service area involving the replacement of over 39,000 linear feet of existing water main and rehabilitation or replacement of over 42,000 linear feet of existing sewer main over a 10-year period. In preparation for this District-wide project, an initial cultural resource study was completed in 2020 (Lindström 2020). Although the scope of work was limited to performing an archaeological records search to identify any known cultural resources within the service area, the report was intended to have wider applications, serving as a baseline study and complementary companion piece to subsequent cultural resource field investigations conducted on a project-specific basis. As a continuation of the 2020 District-wide water line improvement project, the STPUD has now delineated three new water line projects involving replacement/installation of approximately 6.3 miles of water lines and fire hydrants and pressure regulating stations (figures 1-2).  Pioneer Trail Area. Install ~9,300 feet of new pipeline on Pioneer Trail and 2,000 feet of pipeline replacement, including relocation of two PRV stations currently within the Pioneer Trail right-of-way near the intersections of Marshall Trail and Jicarilla Drive. The PRV station to be located on Marshall Trail, will have three sets of PRVs in three separate enclosures. One set of PRVs will provide water to the Golden Bear Zone, one to the Kokanee Zone and the other to the Stateline Zone. The new PRV station located at Pioneer Trail and Jicarilla will have two sets of PRVs in two separate aboveground enclosures. One set of PRVs will provide water to the Pine Valley Zone, and one will provide water to the Susquehana Zone to mitigate fire flow deficiencies and provide a secondary feed of water to each of the zones.  Bijou Area. Replace ~12,000 feet of existing pipeline in the Bijou neighborhood.  Herbert-Walkup Area. Replace ~ 10,000 feet of existing pipeline in Herbert-Walkup neighborhood. The majority of STPUD water and sewer mains are small diameter pipelines (8-inches and under) installed in trenches generally three to five feet wide. Waterline trenches are typically five feet deep and sewer line trenches vary from four feet to over 15 feet deep, depending on terrain. The pressure regulating stations may be belowground in a precast concrete vault or they may be aboveground contained within a prefabricated aluminum heated enclosure. Each enclosure will house two pressure regulating valves (PRV) and the enclosure size is planned to be 58 inches wide by 106 inches long by 54 inches high. The PRV stations whether built belowground or aboveground will have an aboveground instrumentation and communications panel as well as an electrical service. Construction work entails saw-cutting and removal of existing pavement, excavation, pipefitting, backfilling and compaction, paving, striping, landscape repair, and short- term erosion controls. It is anticipated that all water lines and associated improvements will be installed in previously disturbed areas within the road right-of-way under existing pavement or compacted road shoulder encompassing up to 10 feet out from the edge of pavement. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 5 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 6 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 7 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  The Pioneer Trail Project area falls within Township 12 North, Range 18 East, sections 10, 11 and 15, M.D.M., USGS South Lake Tahoe 7.5 Quad (Figure 1). It extends along Pioneer Trail between its intersections with Marshall Trail on the north and Susquehana Drive on the south. The Bijou Project area falls within Township 13 North, 18 East, Section 33 M.D.M., USGS South Lake Tahoe 7.5 Quad (Figure 1). The project area is roughly bounded by U.S. Highway 50 on the north, Cape Horn Road on the south, Rufus Allen Boulevard on the west and Oak Avenue and Takela Drive on the east. The Herbert-Walkup Project area falls within Township 12 North, Range 18 East, Section 2, M.D.M., USGS South Lake Tahoe 7.5 Quad (Figure 1). Herbert Avenue borders the project on the northeast, Walkup Road on the southwest, Woodland Road on the northwest, and Warr Road and Pioneer Trail on the southeast. These three new projects were included within the record search radius of the 2020 baseline cultural report. As such, the current study is intended to serve as an addendum to that cultural assessment. Since detailed discussions of project background and authority, cultural and environmental context, and archaeological methods appeared in the 2020 report, these topics are only briefly summarized in this study addendum, with the present focus intended to apply results of the 2020 records search to the 2021 archaeological field investigations. Areas subject to ground disturbing activities within and surrounding the three proposed water service improvements constitute the project “area of potential effect” or APE. The horizontal APE for the work area is the roadway (averaging 20 feet wide) plus a 10-foot-wide buffer zone along each road shoulder for a general APE width of about 40 feet. The total project horizontal APE is 33,300 lineal feet/6.31 miles/1,332,000 square feet/30.58 acres. The horizontal APE for the Pioneer Trail Project area is 11,300 lineal feet/2.14 miles/452,000 square feet/10.37 acres. The horizontal APE for the Bijou Project area is 12,000 lineal feat/2.27 miles/480,000 square feet/11.02 acres. The horizontal APE for the Herbert-Walkup Project area is 10,000 lineal feet/1.89 miles/400,000 square feet/9.18 acres. The vertical APE for all three project areas encompasses a pipeline excavation depth of approximately five feet, except for the pressure regulating valves where over-excavation for supports would extend the maximum depth to eight feet. PROJECT AUTHORITY AND SCOPE The project calls for the approval from several regulatory agencies and the acquisition of various project permits. The proposed project action therefore requires that environmental review include a cultural resource inventory in compliance with El Dorado County mandates under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA Section 5024, Public Resource Code) and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) guidelines under the Code of Ordinances, Chapter 67. The project is being funded through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF) program, which is under the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB). The SRF program involves federal money from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that the SWRCB distributes, triggering compliance for cultural resources management under the National Historic Preservation Act. Section 106 of this act requires the federal government to take into consideration the effects of an undertaking on cultural resources listed on or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, as outlined in the Federal Register at 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800. The project proponent must identify the “area of potential effect” or APE, determine if historic properties are present within that APE, determine the effect that the undertaking would have on historic properties, and consult with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) to seek concurrence on the STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 8 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  findings. In addition, a project sponsor is required through the Section 106 process to contact Indian tribes concerning the identification of sites of religious or cultural significance and consult with individuals or groups who are entitled to be consulting parties or have requested to be consulting parties. Under guidelines developed by CEQA (Pub. Res. Code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4850 et seq.) and TRPA (Chapter 67, Code of Ordinances, Sections 67.3.2, 67.4 and 67.5), project proponents are directed to do the same, identify cultural resources within a project area, evaluate their significance according to criteria established in the California Register of Historical Resources, and consult with the Native American Heritage Commission and tribes on the Commission’s contact list to incorporate their opinions, knowledge and sentiments regarding the project (California Assembly Bill 52, AB 52). Within this regulatory context, cultural resource studies are customarily performed in a series of phases, each one building upon information gained from the prior study. The inventory phase (Phase 1) involves prefield research and Native American contact (Phase 1A), field reconnaissance/resource discovery (Phase 1B), and documentation of any cultural resources located within the project area (Phase 1C). If cultural properties are present and subject to project-related impacts, their significance is evaluated according to eligibility criteria established in the National Register of Historic Places and/or California Register of Historical Resources (Phase 2). If project redesign to avoid impacts to eligible resources is unfeasible, then mitigation measures are implemented (Phase 3). Mitigation (or data recovery) typically involves supplemental archival research, field excavation, photo documentation, mapping, archaeological monitoring, interpretation, etc. The objectives of this study are designed to satisfy cultural guidelines pertaining to Phase 1A and Phase 1B. SETTING The physical and cultural setting of the general project area has been outlined in the 2020 companion report and only historical background specifically relevant to the Pioneer Trail, Bijou and Herbert-Walkup project areas is summarized. NATIVE AMERICAN PERIOD The project area has a rich and long legacy of human history, with pre-Archaic remains suggesting occupation by at least 9,000 years ago. In broadest terms, the archaeological signature marks a trend from hunting-based societies in earlier times to more dispersed populations that were increasingly reliant upon diverse resources by historic contact. The change in lifeways may be attributed partially to factors involving paleoclimatic fluctuations, a shifting subsistence base, and variable demographics. Lake Tahoe lies at the heart of Washoe Indian territory and was both the spiritual and physical center of the Washoe world. The Washoe once embodied a blend of Great Basin and California in their geographical position and cultural attributes. During the mild season, small groups traveled through high mountain valleys fishing and collecting edible and medicinal roots, seeds and marsh plants. In the higher elevations, men hunted large game and trapped smaller mammals. Archaeological evidence of these ancient subsistence and trekking activities is found along the mountain flanks as temporary small hunting camps containing flakes of stone and broken tools. In the high valleys semi-permanent base camps are represented by stone flakes, tools, grinding implements, and house depressions. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 9 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  By the l850s mining, lumbering, grazing, commercial fishing, tourism, and the growth of settlements disrupted traditional Indian relationships to the land. Washoes survived by trading goods and services to the dominant Euroamerican population (selling baskets, catching fish and game, and working as domestic laborers, wood cutters, ice harvesters, caretakers, game guides, etc.) in exchange for camping privileges on traditional lands with access to what resources remained. One of these Washoe camps was established into the turn of the 18th and 19th century northeast of the Bijou project area. Beginning in 1917 the Washoe Tribe began acquiring back a small part of their traditional lands, remaining as a recognized tribe by the U.S. government with an established land base. Today, the Washoe have developed a Comprehensive Land Use Plan that includes goals of reestablishing a presence within the Lake Tahoe Basin and re-vitalizing Washoe heritage and cultural knowledge, including the harvest and care of traditional plant resources and the protection of traditional properties within the cultural landscape. EUROAMERICAN PERIOD Historic events within the project area involve heritage themes of transportation, logging, grazing, and recreation and community development. Transportation The project APE is situated near the historic Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway/U.S. Highway 50 and associated way stations and resorts that sprang up in the project vicinity. The opening of the Comstock mining boom in Nevada, beginning in mid-1859, prompted a sudden surge of heavy wagon and freight traffic through the Tahoe Basin and quicker routes were sought across the Tahoe Sierra. The general project area is accessed on the south by the historic Pioneer Trail and by U.S. Highway 50 on the north. Both comprise the earliest road components that made up the Bonanza Road System, a major historic route over the Sierra between Placerville and the mines of the Comstock. Laid out in l852, it was passable for wagons before 1854. The route was also known as the Johnson Cutoff, the original dirt "Lake Road", the Placerville/Lake Tahoe Road, and the Lake Bigler Toll Road. The expanding state and national highway system during the early part of the 20th century was pioneered by the Lincoln Highway, the nation’s first transcontinental auto road. Unpublished manuscripts and correspondence on file with the El Dorado County Department of Transportation, indicate that the Pioneer Trail was part of the State Highway System from 1909 until 1917. The Lincoln Highway concept was conceived in the fall of 1913 by the Lincoln Highway Association, in concert with the fledgling auto industry and its support enterprises. Communities were encouraged to build stretches of new road and/or improve existing roads to complete a continuous road from coast to coast. Motorists traveling west along the Lincoln Highway, upon reaching Reno, had a choice of routes over the Sierra Nevada. The southern branch of the Lincoln Highway headed south to Carson City and then west via South Lake Tahoe along Pioneer Trail, over to Placerville and on into Sacramento. The northern portion of the Lincoln Highway crossed the Sierra by way of Truckee and Donner Pass and then on to Auburn and Sacramento. In 1925 the federal government adopted a numbering system for its highways; as a result, named highways gradually fell out of fashion. In 1927 the Lincoln Highway Association disbanded as a business association. Along the historic roadway, hostelries, way stations, and inns were established to provide the services required by travelers. Hay and grain were raised in the meadows and small-scale ranching and farming endeavors also developed in support of the local economy. The Sierra House, once STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 10 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  located near the northern extension of the Pioneer Trail Project area, was one of the more popular way stations along the route. The inn was operated by lumberman, George Washington Chubbuck, during the early 1880s. Logging Nineteenth-century lumbering in the Lake Tahoe Basin furnished timber, lumber and cord wood for the Comstock mines. In the project vicinity, limited logging was carried out during the 1860s by individual small-scale operators on wood ranches and wood lots. Woodburn’s Mill, located on Trout Creek (near where it crosses through the Pioneer Trail Project Area and due east of the project APE) was in operation by 1860 with a daily output of between 6,000 and 10,000 board feet. Woodburn expanded his milling activities, acquiring 560 acres of timber tract around his mill in 1873, increasing his timber holdings to 2,200 acres in 1888. A shift in patterns of land ownership began in the mid-1870s when highly capitalized Comstock lumber companies such as the Carson Tahoe Lumber and Fluming Company (CTLFC) and their “shadow” affiliate company the El Dorado Wood and Fluming Company (EDWFC), began buying up smaller parcels to gain control of vast timber tracts. Woodburn sold his timber tracks to the CTLFC in 1888. In 1873 D. L. Bliss and H. M. Yerington established the CTLFC, which was headquartered at Glenbrook. The EDWFC, which was incorporated in 1875, shared investments and corporate personalities with the CTLFC. Timber was moved from the forest to the mill through an elaborate and impressive network of flumes, logging roads and wood camps. The company(s) subcontracted out much of their logging to independent operators such as G. W. Chubbuck (once proprietor of the Sierra House way station), who acquired land near Bijou for the EDWFC in 1884. Chubbuck constructed a four-mile logging railroad from the lake up Cold Creek, which was incorporated into the CTLFC's Lake Valley Railroad in 1886. The years between 1888 and 1891 were the most productive for railroad operations. By 1890, 184,000 board feet were produced from the railroad operation, comprising 44 per cent of the total lumber shipped by the CTLFC. The Lake Valley Railroad logging system comprised at least 13 miles of grade, 16 miles of wagon haul roads, two miles of V-flume, and 28 associated railroad/wood camps (Lindström 1997; Lindström and Hall 1998). The line was dismantled in 1898 when timber stands were depleted. The railroad’s main line crossed Pioneer Trail through the project APE and traversed the modern-day Bijou neighborhood west of the project APE. Grazing During the mid-1850s to 1860s markets created by teamsters traveling through Lake Valley prompted the development of seasonal farming and ranching and meadowlands were quickly preempted. By 1880 Lake Valley afforded pasturage for 1,800 cows and during the summer of 1862 over 400 tons of hay had been cut in the valley's meadowlands, a figure that increased to 800 tons in 1875. After the demise of logging at the turn of the century, cut-over lands were leased and/or sold for grazing purposes. In 1908 Chris and Knox Johnson were running cattle around Bijou Meadows (due east of the Bijou Project APE and now occupied by the Bijou Golf Course), and leasing other lands within a radius of Bijou, Lake Christopher, Fountain Place, and Meyers. Members of the Johnson family were pioneer irrigators and developed a ditch system and a series of small dams on Trout, Cold and Heavenly Valley creeks to water Bijou and Trout Creek meadowlands during the summer. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 11 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Recreation and Community Development Grazing and timber production ultimately gave way to tourism and community development, and recreation and allied services became the major economic forces shaping growth in the Lake Tahoe Basin. By the late l890s, the demand for lumber dropped sharply with the close of the Comstock mining boom. As the Tahoe Basin attracted more interest and more tourists, diverse resorts appeared along the shores of the lake. Growing numbers of eastern visitors joined the members of San Francisco's elite and the wealthy mining and business interests of the Comstock at the lake's best hotels, such as Tallac and Glenbrook. People of more modest means camped or vacationed in rustic hotels and cottages. Tahoe's backwoods became increasingly populated by recreationists. The U.S. Forest Service initiated patrols for visitor safety and to respond to the increased fire danger. Thereafter, the legalization of gambling in Nevada in 1931 and the emergence of the ski industry during the 1950s became significant factors in the economic structure of the Tahoe Basin and prompted the movement toward year-round use of the Tahoe Basin. Budding developments at Heavenly Ski Resort in 1954, followed by the 1960 Winter Olympics prompted an irreversible trend that established the demand for year-round residency, which brought real estate development along Tahoe’s southeast shore, along with the growing demands for water and waste management infrastructure currently provided by the STPUD. METHODS To perform the archaeological work, the STPUD contracted with Susan Lindström, Ph.D., Consulting Archaeologist. With nearly five decades of professional experience in regional prehistory and history, Dr. Lindström exceeds the Secretary of Interior's Professional Qualifications Standards in archaeology, history and related disciplines (48 FR 44738-44739). She holds a doctoral degree in anthropology/archaeology and has maintained certification by the Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA, former Society of Professional Archaeologists) since 1982 (resume in Appendix 1). Adrian Combes, P.E. and Senior Engineer for the STPUD provided helpful project background, maps and project descriptions. RECORDS SEARCH Phase 1A prefield research typically entails a request for an archaeological records search at the California Historical Resources Information System, North Central Information Center (NCIC) at California State University Sacramento. The NCIC serves as the archaeological clearing house and maintains records of prior surveys and cultural properties located in El Dorado County and listed in the National Register, California Register and other data bases. A records search was conducted on October 6, 2020 (NCIC No.: Eld-20-98). as part of the initial 2020 cultural study (Lindström 2020). Since the current project encompassing Pioneer Trail, Bijou and Herbert-Walkup project areas was covered under the 2020 records check, and since the prior records review is only about one year old, the NCIC records search was not updated. The 2020 results were applied to the 2021 study addendum and augmented by a review of pertinent published and unpublished literature specific to the Pioneer Trail, Bijou and Herbert-Walkup project areas. Other references checked include archaeological sites and surveys in El Dorado County and other official inventories to include:  Office of Historic Preservation’s Historic Property Directory  Determination of Eligibility  California Inventory of Historical Resources STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 12 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist   California State Historical Landmarks  National Register of Historical Places/California Register of Historic Resources listings  California Points of Historical Interest  Caltrans State and Local Bridge Surveys Relevant sections of the 2020 NCIC records search, including cultural resource maps and listings of prior archaeological survey reports and known cultural resources within a 1/16-mile-radius of the project APE, have been extracted, reconfigured and modified for inclusion in the current report. Results are summarized in Table 1 with more detail contained in Appendix 2. The 2020 NCIC results disclosed that portions of the current project APE have been subject to at least one prior archaeological study, the 2020 STPUD Water Line Replacement initial study (Lindström 2020). Nineteen other projects have been conducted within the 1/16-mile search area radius. Most archaeological work has been conducted in advance of other infrastructure upgrades by the STPUD, as well as timber harvest projects, road improvements along U.S. Highway 50 and Pioneer Trail, and miscellaneous Bijou community planning projects. Also, an extensive federal urban lot survey was conducted by the U.S. Forest Service in the general project area, but locations of individual undeveloped parcels are not available. Four cultural resources occur within the project APE and/or its 1/16-mile radius:  Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809) – Pioneer Trail and Herbert-Walkup project areas  Lake Valley Railroad (P-09-1917) – Pioneer Trail and Bijou Project Area  historic trash scatter (P-09-3485) – Herbert-Walkup Project Area  Woodburn Mill (P-09-3486) – Pioneer Trail Project Area Copies of archaeological site records were obtained from the NCIC for field reference and relevant sections are reproduced under separate cover in the accompanying Confidential Appendix. Extensive linear features such as the Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809) spanning state-wide have been recorded multiple times. Site records for only those segments that are geographically relevant to the project APE are included in the accompanying Confidential Appendix (especially see Berrien 1991 and 1992). A contextual history of the Lake Valley logging railroad (Lindström 1997) and comprehensive recordings of the Lake Valley Railroad’s main line and associated spurs, wagon roads, flumes, logging camps, etc. (P-09-1917), first presented in an 85-page site record (Lindström and Hall 1996), have also been inventoried on several occasions. As such only the initial Primary Record has been reproduced in the accompanying Confidential Appendix. Similarly, the extensive site of Woodburn’s sawmill (P-09-3486), which has been meticulously documented in a 78-page site record (Berrien 1991), is only abstracted in the Confidential Appendix. The brief site record for the sparse historic can scatter (P-09-3485, Napton 2003) appears in full in the Confidential Appendix. Because no artifacts or features associated with any of these sites were encountered within the project APE, no archaeological site record updates were prepared. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 13 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Table 1. Prior archaeological studies and known cultural resources within and/or near the project area Report No. *Author(s)/Year Title Resources *Study Location Pioneer Trail Project Area 7136 O’Brien/1993 Addendum: Cultural Resource Report CRR No. 05-19-170B: Heavenly Valley 8 & 9 Forest Health Project n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 7216 Dexter/1995 Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit Heritage Resource Report, Urban Fringe Management Project n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 9381 Berrien/1992 Heavenly Public Fuelwood Sale-Unit 7 Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809); Woodburn Mill (P-09- 3486) Within 1/16-mile radius 10259 Daugherty/2009 Archaeological Survey Report for the Golden Bear 20009 Fuel Reduction Project Forest Fire Prevention Exemption (14 CCR 1038(i) n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 10733 Banchio/2010 Archaeological Survey Report for the City of South Lake Tahoe Lake Christopher Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809) Within 1/16-mile radius 11878 Lindström/2015 STPUD Fire Hydrant Service Expansion Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12188 Lindström/2016 STPUD Water Meter Installation Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius No # Lindström/2020 STPUD Water and Sewer Line Replacement Project Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809); Lake Valley Railroad (P- 09-1917); Woodburn Mill (P-09-3486) Within project APE Bijou Project Area 261 Peak/1979 Record Search of Cultural Resources for the STPUD Water System Master Plan n/a Within 1/16-mile radius STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 14 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  272 Stearns & Seldomridge/1986 Cultural Resource Assessment of the Bijou Community Park n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 7044 Caltrans/1999 Historic Property Survey Report for the Proposed Improvement of US Highway 50 n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 9384 Lindström/1993 Bijou/Al Tahoe Community Plan EIR/EIS n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 9883 St. John/2006 Historic Property Survey Report for US Highway 50 n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 11878 Lindström/2015 STPUD Fire Hydrant Service Expansion Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12187 Lindström/2016 STPUD Water Line Replacement Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12187B Lindström/2018 STPUD 2018 Improvements Project, Marlette Circle Letter Addendum, Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12188 Lindström/2016 STPUD Water Meter Installation Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12634 Arrington/2018 Cultural Resources Inventory and Effects Assessment for the Alta Mira Public Access and Shoreline Stabilization Project n/a Within 1/16-mile radius No # Lindström/2020 STPUD Water and Sewer Line Replacement Project Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809); Lake Valley Railroad (P- 09-1917); Woodburn Mill (P-09-3486) Within project APE Herbert-Walkup Project Area 27 Storm & Caddell/1975 Archaeological Investigations within the City of South Lake Tahoe n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 189 Peak/1978 STPUD Wastewater Disposal n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 189B Peak/1978 Cultural Resource Assessment of the Proposed STPUD n/a Within 1/16-mile radius STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 15 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Wastewater Treatment Facilities, Phase II 189C Chavez & Desgrandchamp (no date) Cultural Resources Assessment for the Tahoe Regional Environmental Evaluation Study n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 7143 Napton/2003 Cultural Resource Investigations of the Proposed American Baptist Homes of the West Project 3.16 Acre Property Herbert Avenue and Pioneer Trail Historic trash scatter (P- 09-3485) Within 1/16-mile radius 11878 Lindström/2015 STPUD Fire Hydrant Service Expansion Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12187 Lindström/2016 STPUD Water Line Replacement Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12187B Lindström/2018 STPUD 2018 Improvements Project, Marlette Circle Letter Addendum, Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12188 Lindström/2016 STPUD Water Meter Installation Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius 12561 Lindström/2016 STPUD Fire Hydrant Service Expansion Project Cultural Resource Inventory n/a Within 1/16-mile radius No # Lindström/2020 STPUD Water and Sewer Line Replacement Project Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809); Woodburn Mill (P-09- 3486) Within project APE *maps showing archaeological report locations are contained in Appendix 2; relevant archaeological site records and maps showing archaeological resource locations appear under separate cover in the Confidential Appendix NATIVE AMERICAN OUTREACH Mandates under State of California Assembly Bill (AB) 52 specify that a project with an effect that may cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource is a project that may have a significant effect on the environment. AB52 directs a lead agency (or their designated representative) to consult with the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) and request a search of the Sacred Lands Files. To complete the AB52 requirements, follow-up communications with all groups/individuals on the Commission’s contact list are STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 16 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  generally recommended to incorporate tribal opinions, knowledge and sentiments regarding the project. Consultations with the NAHC to request an updated search of the Sacred Land Files were initiated by the STPUD on August 27, 2021. When no response was received, a second request was sent on September 8th, followed by an email on October 22nd and two phone calls in which the NAHC stated that although they had received the STPUD requests, short staffing was delaying a response. The STPUD then proceeded to contact individual Tribes on the Commission’s contact list in a prior records search provided on November 19, 2018 to the following tribes:  Clyde Prout, Chairperson and Pamela Cubbler, Treasurer of the Colfax-Todds Valley Consolidated Tribe  Sara Dutschke Setchwaelo, Chairperson of the Ione Band of Miwok Indians  Cosme A. Valdez, Chairperson of the Nashville Enterprise Miwok-Maidu-Nishinam Tribe  Regina Cuellar, Chairperson of the Shingle Springs Band of Miwok Indians  Don Ryberg, Chairperson, and Grayson Coney, Cultural Director for the Tsi Akim Maidu  Gene Whitehouse, Chairperson of the United Auburn Indian Community of the Auburn Rancheria  Darrel Cruz, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer for the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California Certified letters containing a project description and map were mailed on October 29, 2021, with follow-up emails/fax sent on December 16th. No response was received. Since the overall project may receive funding from the federal government, any additional consultation with Native American groups would be accomplished by the appropriate federal agency and in coordination with the STPUD. (Note at that time of these communications, the STPUD was anticipating five water line upgrades as part of their overall water line improvement project. The District has since divided the single project comprising the five water line upgrades into two water line improvement projects, one comprising three water line upgrades (the Pioneer Trail, Bijou and Herbert-Walkup areas and the subject of this report) and a second comprising two water line upgrades (the Apache and Lake Tahoe Boulevard areas and the subject of a subsequent report). Correspondence documenting Native American out-reach for all five water line upgrades is duplicated in both reports. FIELD SURVEY An intensive Phase 1B archaeological field survey was conducted by Dr. Lindström on October 15, 2021. A USGS topographic map (7.5’ quadrangle) and expanded scale project maps and aerial photos were used to structure the field work phase. Locational information was monitored by compass and pacing. All project activities are anticipated along roadways and/or disturbed shoulders within the road right-of-way where the entire project APE has been subject to residential and commercial development. Utility infrastructure passes beneath paved roads and shoulders within the subdivisions. In many cases subsurface disturbance extends to a considerable depth and likely below any potential archaeological surface or subsurface deposits that could once have been present or remain intact. Road shoulders largely comprise compacted dirt, mud or gravel that exhibit ground disturbance from road construction/maintenance activities, buried utilities, erosion STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 17 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  control features, and/or ornamental landscaping. Driveways are both dirt and asphalt. Concrete curbs/gutters are generally absent from these residential neighborhoods but front certain commercial buildings. General disturbance types are listed below: (1) disturbed interface between road shoulder and residential developed lot, ground surface not obscured (2) disturbed interface along road shoulder and/or between road shoulder and residential developed lot, ground surface obscured by duff, brush and/or landscaping (3) waterlines and other utilities buried within road shoulder (4) drainage ditches and other erosion control features excavated into road shoulder (5) paved over roadways, driveways and gutters across road shoulder. The field survey employed a mixed archaeological reconnaissance strategy, incorporating intensive, general and cursory coverage (figures 3-8). Overall, ground surface visibility varied from completely obscured (in the case of hardscape and the built environment) to clearly exposed road shoulders. To gain an overview of the entire project APE, each project area was subject to an initial cursory “windshield” survey covering all surfaces where the roadway hardscape completely obscured the native ground surface. Any relatively undisturbed exposed ground along road shoulders was targeted for intensive and/or general pedestrian coverage. Undisturbed areas on undeveloped lots adjoining the project APE were cursorily inspected. Intensive Coverage. The intensive reconnaissance entailed systematically walking the area up to 10 feet from either edge of the road paving in transects no greater than three feet (approximately one meter) apart, looking for all evidence of prior human activity. In many cases it was necessary (and possible) to perform some ground cover modification to allow for the detection of the smallest of archaeological remains likely to occur in the area under study. The four locales previously known to contain cultural resources (and their immediate surroundings) and relatively undisturbed road shoulders fronting undeveloped lots were most carefully examined. General Coverage. Although most cleared and compacted road shoulders were systematically transected, in many cases ground surfaces were partly obscured affording only general coverage (in the case of pine duff, shrubs such as wild rose, manzanita, bitterbrush, currant, service berry, willow, and assorted grasses). Cursory Coverage. Much of the project area is covered by hard surface overlays and the built environment where the native ground surface is no longer visible, i.e., the paved roadway and adjoining driveways, concrete curbs and gutters and paved bike trails. All hardscape was subject to a cursory “windshield” survey. Empty lots adjoining the project APE were subject to a brief and intuitive cursory reconnaissance. Pioneer Trail Project Area Much of modern-day Pioneer Trail follows the historic alignment of Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809) once a component in a major trans-sierran road system dating from the 1850s. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 18 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  The Lake Valley Railroad (P-09-1917) once crossed Pioneer Trail near Trout Creek approximately ¼ mile south of the northern APE boundary at Marshall Trail. In addition, the historic Woodburn Mill (P-09-3486), dating from 1860, was once located on Trout Creek near where it crosses Pioneer Trail and due east of the project APE. Because of Pioneer Trail’s legacy in regional transportation and logging history, the entire project APE was intensively examined. Both shoulders of Pioneer Trail were walked to inspect any exposed (although disturbed) ground surface (figures 3-5). Excepting the area on the north side of the road between Susquehana and Jicarilla drives that has been improved with an asphalt bike trail and curbing, and curbing near Marshall and Kokanee trails, most of the north side of the road remains undeveloped (photos 1-2). All the area along the south side of Pioneer Trail also remains undeveloped, except for a short section of guardrail (Photo 9) and an erosion control wooden barrier in the northern portion of the APE where the slope steepens between Kokanee and Marshall trails (photos 5-7). Underground utilities are buried along both road shoulders, however. No evidence of the historic route and grade of Pioneer Trail (P-09-809) or the Lake Valley Railroad (P-09-1917) remains and there are no traces of Woodburn’s Mill (P-09-3486) within the project APE. A section of abandoned bridge was observed paralleling the north side of the road between Golden Bear Trail and the Trout Creek crossing (photos 3-4). The foundations are outside the APE and exposed below the fill that now carries Pioneer Trail across the creek. Note that Berrien (1992) in her site recording of the Lincoln Highway near Trout Creek referenced a possible bridge remnant across the creek (USFS 05-19-28). A fence line parallels a short section of roadway midway along its south side and outside the APE. Seven fence posts (wooden and metal “T-bar”) are still standing, and barbed wire is unstrung (Photo 8). A few historic cut stump remnants from historic logging occur in open space areas outside APE. Photo 1. Pioneer Trail and Susquehana Drive intersection at south boundary of Pioneer Trail project area; view northeast STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 19 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 20 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 21 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 22 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 2. Intersection of Pioneer Trail and Jicarilla Drive; the small cluster of homes [far right) are the only residences on the south side of Pioneer Trail between Jicarilla Drive and Kokanee Trail; the remainder is undeveloped land; view northeast Photo 3. Intersection of Pioneer and Golden Bear trails near the Trout Creek crossing; note possible abandoned bridge foundations partially buried under roadway fill (far left); view northeast STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 23 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 4. Close up view of abandoned bridge stone foundations partly buried under highway fill east of Pioneer Trail at the Saxon Creek crossing; foundations are outside the project APE; view northwest Photo 5. Intersection of Pioneer and Marshall trails marking north boundary of Pioneer Trail project area; view southwest STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 24 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 6. Erosion control wooden plank barrier and concrete curb and gutter along south side of Pioneer Trail due south of Kokanee Trail; view southwest Photo 7. Overview of Pioneer Trail showing open space on either side of the roadway; view south STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 25 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 8. Fence line segment along south side of Pioneer Trail; remnants comprise seven wooden and metal “T” bar posts with unstrung wire; fence falls outside the project APE; view northeast Photo 9. Guardrail installed in dirt shoulder along portions of the south side of Pioneer Trail; view southwest STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 26 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Bijou Project Area Archaeological coverage employed a mixed reconnaissance strategy (figures 6-8). The entire area was first subject to a cursory “windshield” survey. The northern section surrounding Treehaven Drive is a mix of commercial and single and multi-family residential buildings dating from the ca. 1960s-1980s. Concrete curbing fronts commercial enterprises and residential frontage is compacted dirt (photos 10-17). The southern section of the project area is a much older subdivision with many residences dating ca. 1920s-1930s. Given the age of the buildings and presence of several undeveloped lots with relatively undisturbed road shoulders, the entire area bounded by Deer Park Avenue on the north, Cape Horn Road on the south, Craig Avenue on the west and Oak Avenue on the east was intensively examined by walking systematic transects along both sides of all roadways. The route of the historic Lake Valley logging railroad (P-09-1917) in operation from 1886 to 1898, once traversed the Bijou neighborhood on a northwest-southeast trend and areas that may have contained its former alignment were carefully examined. No remnants of the historic alignment were encountered. Photo 10. Intersection of Treehaven and Takela drives (Bijou area north section); note compacted dirt road shoulders partly obscured by pine needles; buried utilities include a fire hydrant facility; view southwest STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 27 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 28 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 29 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 30 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 11. Intersection of Sandy Way and Takela Drive (Bijou area north section); commercial development and accompanying concrete curbing and gutters with fire hydrant; U.S. Highway 50 (back right); view north Photo 12. Intersection of Freemont Avenue and Mono Lane (Bijou area north section); mix of residential (right) and commercial (left) development; dirt road shoulder is modified by raised, fenced yard; view northeast STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 31 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 13. Intersection of Craig and Pickett avenues (Bijou area south section); neighborhood is characterized by compacted dirt road shoulders bordered by modest fencing and little to no ornamental landscaping; view northeast Photo 14. Curve where Craig Avenue becomes Deer Park Avenue (Bijou area south section); large open lots are interspersed throughout the neighborhood; view west STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 32 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 15. Intersection of Pickett and Oak avenues (Bijou area south section); neighborhood is typified by several pockets of open space; view southwest Photo 16. Intersection of Cape Horn Road and Long Valley Avenue (Bijou area south section); note compacted dirt road shoulder with modest landscaping (fencing and boulders); view northwest STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 33 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 17. Representative sample of historic homes within the south section of the Bijou, here located along Cape Horn Road east of its intersection with Dot Street; view west Herbert-Walkup Project Area Archaeological coverage employed a mixed reconnaissance strategy (figures 6-7 and 9). The entire area was first subject to a cursory “windshield” survey. Road shoulders bordering open space areas were intensively examined by walking systematic transects, including Herbert Avenue, Walkup Road, Red Lake Road, and the southwestern extension of Woodland Road. Road shoulders fronting several undeveloped lots along Hobart Road were given general coverage. A paved bike trail (part of the “South Tahoe Greenway”) crosses through the subdivision in the vicinity of Aloha Road. Overall, this subdivision is newer with residences dating ca 1960s-1990s and new construction is ongoing. Considerable open space remains throughout the subdivision and wetlands are preserved along Herbert Avenue. The ground is level, streets are wider and dirt road shoulders are often bounded by landscaping and parking areas. Concrete curbing is present along Herbert Avenue (photos 18-23). The eastern extensions of Herbert Avenue, Walkup Road and Janet Drive intersect the historic Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809). A historic trash scatter (P-09-3485) has been recorded near the Pioneer Trail’s intersection with Herbert Avenue (Napton 2003), described as eight small, rusted metal food cans. No historic artifacts were observed in the vicinity of the project APE. A few historic cut stump remnants from historic logging occur in open space areas outside APE. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 34 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 35 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 18. Intersection of Pioneer Trail and Herbert Avenue (Herbert-Walkup area); the reported location of a historic trash scatter (P-09-3485) is in the back center and outside the project APE; view north Photo 19. Intersection of Pioneer Trail and Walkup Road (Herbert-Walkup area); view northwest STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 36 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 20. Intersection of Herbert Avenue and Warr Road (Herbert-Walkup area); typical neighborhood view showing wide streets, dirt shoulders and modern residences; view southeast Photo 21. Intersection of Walkup and Red Lake roads (Herbert-Walkup area); neighborhood is characterized by large and continuous expanses of open space, such as the undeveloped land along southwest side of Walkup Road and northwest side of Red Lake Road; view southeast STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 37 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  Photo 22. Intersection of Herbert and Red Lake Roads (Herbert-Walkup area); open space borders the entirety of the north side of Red Lake Road and much of the northeast side of Herbert Avenue; view southwest Photo 23. Intersection of Walkup and Hobart roads (Herbert-Walkup area); typical neighborhood view; view northeast STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 38 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  RESULTS Four cultural resources have been reported within the project APE and/or its 1/16-mile radius:  Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809) – Pioneer Trail and Herbert-Walkup project areas  Lake Valley Railroad (P-09-1917) – Pioneer Trail and Bijou Project Area  historic trash scatter (P-09-3485) – Herbert-Walkup Project Area  Woodburn Mill (P-09-3486) – Pioneer Trail Project Area None of these known cultural resources were relocated, and no new cultural resources were discovered within the project APE during the field reconnaissance.  The Pioneer Trail Project APE follows modern-day Pioneer Trail and the basic alignment of the historic Pioneer Trail/Lincoln Highway (P-09-809). Although the general alignment remains, its original grade and bed have been considerably altered and integrity has been badly compromised. No remains of the original roadbed or historic artifacts/features associated with its historic use were encountered within the project APE.  The alignment of the historic Lake Valley Railroad (P-09-1917) that once crossed Pioneer trail and traversed through the Bijou neighborhood has been obliterated within the project APE by modern transportation and residential development. No remnants of the railroad grade or associated artifacts/features were encountered.  Likewise, remnants of the historic Woodburn Mill (P-09-3486), which once adjoined Pioneer Trail on the east in the vicinity of Trout Creek are absent within the APE.  None of the eight cans inventoried as part of the sparse historic trash scatter (P-09- 3485) near the intersection of Herbert Avenue and Pioneer Trail could be found within the project APE. Although no historic buildings are situated within the project APE, multiple residences over 50 years old occur within viewshed of the project APE, especially in the southern half of the Bijou neighborhood. Nonetheless, these buildings within the project “visual APE” are treated as historic properties for the purposes of this project even though they will be subject to no direct or indirect project impacts. Since these historical buildings are outside the direct project APE, they will not be physically disturbed. The project will not introduce any visual components that would have an adverse effect on the setting or viewshed of these historic properties. Infrastructure development is part of the historic context of these residential neighborhoods and replacement of an existing buried pipeline will not alter the current neighborhood landscape character. Potential indirect impacts associated with project activities (e.g., audible, air quality, etc.) will be temporary and limited to the duration of construction activities. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 39 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Neither prefield research nor archaeological field survey identified any cultural resources within the project APE. Although multiple residences over 50 years old were identified within viewshed of the project APE, ones that meet the National and California Register age criteria and are treated as historic properties for the purposes of this project, these historic buildings will not be physically and directly impacted by project activities, nor will visual components introduced by the project have an indirect impact on the viewshed of the APE. Replacement of an existing buried pipeline will not alter the current neighborhood landscape character and any potential impacts associated with project activities (e.g., audible, air quality, etc.) would be temporary and limited to the duration of construction activities. In terms of CEQA and TRPA guidelines, it is recommended that the project will not alter or adversely affect the physical or aesthetic properties of any significant heritage structure, site, feature, or object. The project will not have the potential to cause a physical change that would affect unique ethnic cultural values or restrict religious or sacred uses. The potential effects of this project on cultural resources are not considered to be a significant effect on the environment. Initial Native American outreach has been accomplished by the STPUD according to CEQA guidelines and mandates under California Assembly Bill 52 (pursuant to PRC 21080.3.1). Native American groups did not respond to STPUD communications. Any follow-up Native American consultation will be accomplished by the appropriate federal agency and in coordination with the STPUD. In terms Section 106 guidelines, there will be no impacts to significant cultural resources and a finding of “no historic properties affected” is recommended. The archival research methods and archaeological techniques employed during this investigation were comprehensive such that existing cultural materials in the project area visible to surface examination would have been identified. Given the project’s prior subsurface disturbance, it is doubtful that intact buried cultural deposits would be present. Although the project area has been subject to systematic surface archaeological investigations, it is remotely possible that buried or concealed cultural resources could be present and detected during project ground disturbance activities. If cultural resources are discovered, project activities should cease near the find and the project sponsor should consult a qualified archaeologist for recommended procedures. A qualified registered professional archaeologist (RPA) should be on-call during project ground-disturbance activities. In the unlikely event that human remains are encountered during the proposed project, all activities should be stopped immediately, and the County Coroner’s Office should be contacted pursuant to Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 7050.5. If the remains are determined to be of Native American origin, the NAHC should be notified within 24 hours of determination, as required by PRC Section 5097.94, 5097.98 and 5097.99. The Native American Heritage Commission should notify designated Most Likely Descendants (in this case the Washoe Tribe), who should provide recommendations for the treatment of the remains within 24 hours. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 40 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  With the completion and submittal of this report, federal, state and county requirements for a cultural resource inventory have been accomplished. No further study or special operational constraints need be imposed upon the project sponsor. However, until concurrence by the state reviewing agency has been confirmed, statements regarding potential project impacts on cultural resources (i.e., “finding of effect”) are considered consultant’s recommendations and not final conclusions. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 41 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  REFERENCES CITED Arrington, Cynthia 2018 Cultural Resources Inventory and Effects Assessment for the Alta Mira Public Access and Shoreline Stabilization Project. Report (NCIC #12634) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Banchio, Danielle 2010 Archaeological Survey Report for the City of South Lake Tahoe Lake Christopher Hazardous Fuels Reduction Project. Report (NCIC #10733) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Berrien, Gay 1992 Heavenly Public Fuelwood Sale-Unit 7. Report (NCIC #9381) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) 1999 Historic Property Survey Report for the Proposed Improvement of US Highway 50 in South Lake Tahoe. Report (#7044) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Chavez, David and Cindy Desgrandhamp n.d. Cultural Resources Assessment for the Tahoe Regional Environmental Evaluation Study. Report (NCIC #189C) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Daugherty, Christy 2009 Archaeological Survey Report for the Golden Bear 2009 Fuel Reduction Project Forest Fire Prevention Exemption (14 CCR 1038i). Report (NCIC #10259) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Dexter, Sean 1995 Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit Heritage Resource Report: Urban Fringe Management Project. Report (NCIC #7216) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Lindström, Susan G. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 42 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  1993 Bijou/Al Tahoe Community Plan EIR/EIS Cultural Resource Component. Report (#9384) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 1997 Contextual History of the Lake Valley Railroad, Pioneer Timber Sale. Report prepared for the U.S. Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. 2015 South Tahoe Public Utility District Fire Hydrant Service Expansion Project Cultural Resource Inventory. Report (NCIC #11878) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 2016A South Tahoe Public Utility District Water Meter Installations Project Cultural Resource Inventory. Report (#12188) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 2016B STPUD Water Line Replacement Project Cultural Resource Inventory. Report (NCIC #12187) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 2016C South Tahoe Public Utility District Fire Hydrant Service Expansion Project Cultural Resource Inventory. Report (NCIC #12561) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 2018 STPUD 2018 Improvements Project, Marlette Circle Letter Addendum, Cultural Resource Inventory. Report (NCIC #12187B) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 2019 South Lake Tahoe Public Utility District Water Line Replacement Project 2019 (Black Bart, Bowers/Bijou, Rocky Point #1) Cultural Resource Inventory. Report (#13266) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 2020 South Tahoe Public Utility District Water and Sewer Replacements Project Cultural Resource Study. Report prepared for STPUD, South Lake Tahoe. Report on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Lindström, Susan G. and Jeffrey Hall 1998 Pioneer Timber Sale Cultural Resource Study. Report prepared for U.S. Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. Napton, Kyle L. 2003 Cultural Resource Investigations of the Proposed American Baptist Homes of the West Project 3.16 Acre Property Herbert Avenue and Pioneer Trail. Report STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 43 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  (NCIC #7143) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. O’Brien, Sheryl 1993 Addendum: Cultural Resource Report CRR No. 05-19-170B: Heavenly Valley 8 & 9 Forest Health Project. Report (NCIC #7136) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Peak and Associates 1978 South Tahoe Public Utility District Wastewater Disposal. Report (NCIC #189) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 1978B Cultural Resource Assessment of the Proposed South Tahoe Public Utility District Wastewater Treatment Facilities, Phase II. Report (NCIC #189B) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. 1979 Record Search of Cultural Resources for the STPUD Water System Master Plan. Report (NCIC # 261) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. St. John, Gail 2006 Historic Property Survey Report for US Highway 50, South Lake Tahoe. Report (#9883) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Sterns, Steven M. and Jeffrey S. Seldomridge 1986 Cultural Resource Assessment of the Bijou Community Park, South Lake Tahoe. Report (#272) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Storm, Donald and Gloria Caddell 1975 Archaeological Investigations within the City of South Lake Tahoe. Report (NCIC #27) on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 44 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  APPENDIX 1 Resume STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 45 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 46 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 47 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 48 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  APPENDIX 2 North Central Information Center 2020 Correspondence and Archaeological Study Report Maps    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 49 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist  STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 50 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist       STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 51 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist       STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 52 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist       STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 53 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist       STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 54 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    APPENDIX 3 Native American Correspondence STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 55 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 56 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 57 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 58 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 59 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 60 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 61 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 62 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 63 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 64 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 65 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 66 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 67 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 68 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 69 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 70 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 71 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 72 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 73 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 74 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 75 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 76 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist    STPUD Water & Sewer Line Replacement Project 2020-Addendum (Pioneer Trail/Bijou/Herbert-Walkup) December 2021 77 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist