Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutSTPUD 2020 Water-Sewer Replacement Cultural Resources Report SOUTH TAHOE PUBLIC UTILITY DISTRICT WATER AND SEWER REPLACEMENTS PROJECT CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDY Report prepared by: Susan Lindström, Ph.D. (RPA), Consulting Archaeologist Truckee, California Report prepared for: South Tahoe Public Utilities District South Lake Tahoe, California November 2020 STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 i Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist TABLE OF CONTENTS page SUMMARY 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 5 Project Description and Location 5 Project Authority and Scope 5 Cultural Resource Protocol 6 Federal Guidelines 6 State Guidelines 7 Regional Guidelines 7 Cultural Resource Significance 8 SETTING 9 Physical Environment 9 Prehistory 9 Washoe History 11 Euroamerican History 12 Transportation and Communication 12 Lumbering 13 Ranching 14 Community Development 14 RESULTS 15 Prefield Records Search 15 Archaeological Field Survey 16 POTENTIAL PROJECT IMPACTS 17 STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 ii Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist REFERENCES CITED 18 FIGURES Project location map 4 APPENDIX 1. North Central Information Center Records Search Results 22 • North Central Information Center Correspondence 23 • List of Prior Archaeological Studies 31 • Maps of Prior Archaeological Studies 53 • Caltrans Structure Maintenance and Investigations: Historical Significance – State Agency Bridges (El Dorado County) 62 • El Dorado County Built Environment Resources Directory (excerpts) South Lake Tahoe 66 • Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility 72 APPENDIX 2. Resume 80 CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX. North Central Information Center Records Search Results (filed under separate cover) Note that this appendix contains confidential archaeological site information. To prevent the deliberate and/or inadvertent destruction of cultural resources, this information should be used for planning purposes only and should not be distributed to the public. Releasing information about the nature and location of archaeological resources is restricted under Section 304 of the National Historic Preservation Act (16 U.S.C. 470w-3) and Section 9 of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act (16 U.S.C. 470hh; 36 CFR296.18). • Map and List of Known Cultural Resources STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 1 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist SUMMARY PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION The South Lake Tahoe Public Utility District (STPUD or District) is proposing to rehabilitate or replace existing water and sewer pipelines at various locales throughout their 23- square-mile service area in the City of South Lake Tahoe and surrounding unincorporated areas of El Dorado County. Over the next 10 years STPUD would replace over 39,000 linear feet of existing water main and rehabilitate or replace over 42,000 linear feet of existing sewer main. The water and sewer line projects would focus primarily on present water and sewer lines within the utility right-of-way and in areas that have previously been disturbed (e.g., paved roadways, road shoulders, etc.). PROJECT AUTHORITY AND SCOPE Baseline environmental studies typically include a cultural resource report, one that needs to comply with El Dorado County guidelines under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA Section 5024, Public Resource Code) and Tahoe Regional Planning Agency procedures (Chapter 67 of the TRPA Code of Ordinances). Although funding is indeterminate at this early stage of planning, the STPUD would likely be pursuing various forms of federal or state funding, thereby also necessitating compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. Cultural studies are customarily performed in a series of phases, each one building upon information gained from the prior study. The inventory phase (Phase 1) involves a prefield records search and Native American contact (Phase 1A), field reconnaissance/resource discovery (Phase 1B), and documentation of any cultural resources located within the project area (Phase 1C). If cultural properties are present and/or it they may be subject to project impacts, their significance is evaluated according to eligibility criteria established in the National Register of Historic Places and/or California Register of Historical Resources (Phase 2). If project redesign to avoid impacts to significant resources is unfeasible, then mitigation measures are implemented (Phase 3). Mitigation (or data recovery) typically involves supplemental archival research, field excavation, photo documentation, mapping, archaeological monitoring, interpretation, etc. The scope of work for this cultural study is designed to satisfy regulations pertaining to aspects of Phase 1A work. To accomplish this cultural study, the STPUD contracted with Susan Lindström, Ph.D., Consulting Archaeologist. Dr. Lindstrӧm exceeds the Secretary of Interior's Professional Qualifications Standards (48 FR 44738-44739). She has over four decades of professional experience in regional prehistory and history, holds a doctoral degree in anthropology/archaeology and has maintained certification by the Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA, former Society of Professional Archaeologists) since 1982. Study tasks included: • historical and archaeological background research of the project area • a records search by the California Historical Resources Information System, North Central Information Center at California State University, Sacramento, which maintains a master inventory of prior archaeological surveys and known cultural resources located in El Dorado County, and STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 2 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist • presentation of findings in a technical report. The cultural contextual background for the current study (Phase 1A) draws heavily from comprehensive cultural studies conducted in 2015 and 2016 when the STPUD embarked on a District- wide program to install water meters and fire hydrants throughout their service area. This work has now been updated in 2020 with a new records search by the North Central Information Center. This report also outlines a set of cultural resource management protocols to be implemented as part of the necessary agency permitting process. Native American outreach is not part of this preliminary planning effort. A search of th e Sacred Lands Files by the Native American Heritage Commission and follow-up communications with tribes/individuals on the Commission’s contact list (Phase 1A) would be accomplished with future implementation of specific water and sewer line rehabilitation/replacement projects. Archaeological field surveys (Phase 1B) are deferred until waterline and sewer line rehabilitation/replacement areas are delineated. This Phase 1A report is intended to have wider applications, serving as a baseline study and complementary companion piece to aid in the preparation of subsequent cultural resource studies as the STPUD moves forward to year-to-year project implementation of future pipeline rehabilitation/replacement projects. Therefore, cultural resource reporting is projected to be a phased process. RESULTS Results are presented in this report in narrative and GIS mapping format, where the cultural context has been summarized and known and suspected archaeological resources within the District service area have been identified as a map overlay that is indicative of relative cultural resource sensitivity. Findings disclosed that 221 prior archaeological studies have been conducted within the STPUD service area with an additional 16 studies occurring outside the project area but within the 1/16-mile search radius. To date 192 archaeological sites have been recorded in the project area and 66 more in the search radius. Out of a total of 1,149 entries for historic buildings/structures documented in El Dorado County, 332 structures are contained within South Lake Tahoe. In addition, Caltrans has inventoried and evaluated 13 historic bridges. The California Inventory of Historic Resources listed “Yanks Station-Overland Pony Express Route” in Meyers as State Historic Landmark #708. The Office of Historic Preservation has made determinations of eligibility for listing in the National and California Registers on 18 of these cultural properties. Locales containing known archaeological resources or issues of Native American concern, along with any sensitive environmental areas (e.g., stream crossings, wetlands), would be excluded from upcoming projects and thereby eliminated from any construction ground disturbance activities. No historic buildings/structures/objects would be directly impacted, nor would the setting surrounding any archaeological or historical property be indirectly affected or altered from its present state. However, it is possible that buried or concealed cultural resources could be present and detected during project ground disturbance activities. A registered professional archaeologist should be on-call during future project construction; if cultural resources are discovered, work should stop near the find and the project sponsor should consult on recommended mitigation STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 3 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist procedures. In the unlikely event that human remains are encountered, all activities should stop, and the County Coroner’s Office should be contacted. STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 4 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 5 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist PROJECT BACKGROUND PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION The South Lake Tahoe Public Utility District (STPUD or District) maintains a robust infrastructure replacement program. Over the next 10 years STPUD is planning to replace an additional 39,000 linear feet of existing water main, and to rehabilitate or replace over 42,000 linear feet of existing sewer main. The waterline replacement program would increase water supply for fire protection by upsizing undersized waterlines and adding fire hydrants where there currently are none. The program would also improve water efficiency by reducing losses from leaking pipes that have reached the end of their useful life. The sewer main rehabilitation program would repair existing pipes using lining techniques that cause minimal disturbance. Rehabilitation would extend the useful life of the facilities, minimize stormwater entering the sewer system, and minimize the potential for blockage, spills, and leakage. Where rehabilitation is not effective to address known sewer deficiencies, sewer mains would be replaced, with the same benefits to the environment. Water and sewer pipeline upgrades and associated staging would generally occur within existing and disturbed utility rights-of-ways, primarily within paved roadways, compacted road shoulders and other hardscapes. The overall project area is perceived as a three-dimensional area encompassing all surface ground that may be affected by the project and extending below ground to the depth of any project excavation. The vast majority of STPUD water and sewer mains are small diameter pipelines (8-inches and under) installed in trenches generally three to five feet wide. Waterline trenches are typically five feet deep and sewer line trenches vary from four feet to over 15 feet deep, depending on terrain. Construction work may entail saw-cutting and removal of existing pavement, excavation, pipefitting, backfilling and compaction, paving, striping, landscape repair, and short-term erosion controls. The project is located in Township 11 North/Range 18 East/sections 5, 6, 8, 17; Township 12 North/Range 17 East/sections 1-3, 10-15, 22-24, 36; Township 12 North/Range 18 East/sections 12-11, 15-21, 28-32; Township 13 North/ Range 17 East/sections 22, 26, 27, 34-36; Township 13 North/Range 18 East/sections 32-35 M.D.M. (USGS Echo Lake, Emerald Bay, Freel Peak, and South Lake Tahoe 7.5 quads). (See the accompanying map showing the STPUD’s rights-of-ways containing utilities.) PROJECT AUTHORITY AND SCOPE Although funding is indeterminate at this early stage of planning, to finance the project, STPUD would likely be pursuing various forms of federal or state agency funding, which would necessitate compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, guidelines under the California Environmental Quality Act and regional procedures stated in Chapter 67 of the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency Code of Ordinances. A set of cultural resource management protocols to be implemented as part of the necessary agency permitting process is outlined. When properly applied, these protocols ensure that project implementation should not have an adverse impact to significant cultural resources. STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 6 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist Cultural Resource Protocols A cultural resource is a broad term that includes prehistoric, historic, architectural, and traditional cultural properties. Cultural resource studies are customarily performed in a series of phases that comprise a sequence of steps or "protocols", each one building upon information gained from the prior one. PHASE 1 INVENTORY: First, archival research and an archaeological field reconnaissance are performed to inventory and record known cultural resources and identify potential project constraints. Phase 1A of the inventory involves prefield research, Native American consultation, the required records search at the appropriate archaeological clearing house, and a field survey to identify surface sites, features, buildings, and/or artifacts. If cultural remains are discovered, and based upon their number and complexity, a subsequent task and cost proposal is prepared to complete Phase 1B cultural resource field recording for archaeological resources. PHASE 2 EVALUATION: Once cultural properties are recorded and if they may be subject to project-related impacts, their significance is evaluated according to criteria established in the National Register of Historic Places and/or California Register of Historical Resources. For significant resources, a determination of project impacts is assessed and detailed measures to mitigate impacts are proposed. If project redesign to avoid impacts is unfeasible, then mitigation measures are recommended to recover the significant information contained within these cultural properties prior to project ground disturbance activities. PHASE 3 IMPACT MITIGATION AND DATA RECOVERY: A final phase may involve the implementation of mitigation measures recommended during the prior evaluation phase. Mitigation, or data recovery, typically involves additional archival research, field excavation, photo documentation, mapping, archaeological monitoring, etc. Objectives of this study are designed to satisfy guidelines pertaining to aspects of Phase 1A prefield research, with Phase 1B field reconnaissance to follow (if appropriate) on a project specific basis. Pending results of the Phase 1B field reconnaissance, Phase 1C archaeological resource field recording/documentation, Phase 2 resource evaluations, and Phase 3 implementation of mitigation measures may or may not be necessary. The primary goal at the project outset is to avoid as much as reasonably possible potential impacts to cultural resources, secondarily to minimize any impacts that are unavoidable, and finally to identify mitigation for any given impact to reduce its impact to a less than significant level. This avoid-minimize-mitigate approach is the basis for any further analysis that would be necessary for future pipeline rehabilitation/replacement projects. Federal Guidelines The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (16 USC§ 470 et seq.), is the primary federal legislation that outlines the federal government’s responsibility to cultural resources. Section 106 of the act requires the federal government to take into consideration the effects of an undertaking on cultural resources listed on or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 7 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist Places. Those resources that are on or eligible for inclusion on the National Register are referred to as historic properties. The Section 106 process is outlined in the federal regulations at 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800. These regulations describe the process that the federal agency takes to identify cultural resources and the level of effect that the proposed undertaking would have on historic properties. In summary, an agency must first determine if the action is the type of action that has the potential to affect historic properties. If the action is the type of action to affect historic properties, the agency must identify the “area of potential effect” or APE, determine if historic properties are present within that APE, determine the effect that the undertaking would have on historic properties, and consult with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), to seek concurrence on the agency’s findings. In addition, the agency is required through the Section 106 process to consult with Indian tribes concerning the identification of sites of religious or cultural significance, and consult with individuals or groups who are entitled to be consulting parties or have requested to be consulting parties. State Guidelines In compliance with state antiquities guidelines under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA Section § 21084.1, the CEQA Guidelines § 15064.5, and Public Resource Code § 5024) the project sponsor is required to consider potential project impacts on significant historical and archaeological resources. For the purposes of CEQA, “historic resources” include “a resource listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing in, the California Register of Historical Resources" (CEQA Section § 21084.1.). The CEQA process is outlined in CEQA Guidelines Section 15060- 15065. For the purposes of CEQA, significant "historical resources" and "unique archaeological resources" are defined as (Section 15064.5[a]): (1) A resource listed in or determined to be eligible by the State Historical Resources Commission, for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (Pub. Res. Code SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR, Section 4850 et seq.). (2) A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in section 5020.1(k) of the Public Resources Code or identified as significant in an historical resource survey meeting the requirements section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code, shall be presumed to be historically or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant. (3) Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript which a lead agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural, engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military, or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided the lead agency's determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record. Regional Guidelines The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) has also adopted procedures (stated in Chapter 67 of the TRPA Code of Ordinances) for the identification, recognition, protection, and preservation of the region’s significant cultural, historical, archaeological, and paleontological resources. Sections 67.3.2, 67.4 and 67.5 require a site survey by a qualified archaeologist, an STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 8 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist inventory of any extant cultural resources, and consultation with the appropriate Native American group. Provisions for a report documenting compliance with the TRPA Code are contained in Section 67.7. Cultural Resource Significance The significance of a cultural resource is typically evaluated in terms of criteria established in the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register (as authorized under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966) is an elite register of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government and/or on private land. Properties can be significant on the national, state or local level. A determination of significance and eligibility under CEQA (Section 15064.5) for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (criteria 1-4) is commonly based upon the criteria of significance (criteria A-D) established by the National Register of Historic Places (36 CFR 60.4). In general, provisions of Section 106 of the Historic Preservation Act and CEQA provide protection to cultural properties that meet one or more of the criteria for listing in either the National Register or California Register. Criteria for listing in either register focus on a cultural property’s associations with significant events and personalities in the nation’s history and cultural heritage; its distinctive technical, architectural or artistic characteristics; and/or a property's information potential. Resources are evaluated within a specific and important time frame or period of significance during which time the property was occupied or used. (Sequential or overlapping periods of significance are possible.) Once a period of significance has been established, the property must be associated with the era that has been designated as “significant.” A district, site, building, structure, or object must be at least 50 years old (unless it is an "exceptional" younger property). Properties that may not be individually eligible for listing on the register could meet the criteria of eligibility if they are contributing elements or integral parts of an eligible district. A property must not only be shown to be significant under one or more of these criteria, but it must also have integrity. The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. The property must remain in its original location. Its design must be in conformance with the original construction plan and without significant alterations or cumulative loss of features during the past 50 years. The materials should be original, and repairs should incorporate in-kind materials so that the property retains evidence of the original workmanship. The setting should be relatively free of modern-day intrusions. A property that is clearly visible and interpretable should convey an association or connectedness with historic patterns, persons, designs, or technologies and evoke a strong sense of feeling when viewed by contemporary observers. SETTING PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The project area occupies a north-to-south-trending glacial landscape containing outwash and morainal deposit dating from the Pleistocene, with the limited advance of small cirque glaciers during STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 9 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist the Holocene (Birkeland 1964). Topography is generally flat to moderate sloping, with elevations ranging between about 6,225 to 6,600 feet. Terrain is drained by the Upper Truckee River, Trout, Saxon, Cold and Heavenly creeks and their unnamed tributaries. Burnette (1968) has described the Quaternary geology of the general project area. Soils have been mapped and are discussed in the TRPA soils report (1971a). Vegetation falls within the Lodgepole Pine-Red Fir Belt or Canadian Life Zone (Storer and Usinger 1971; TRPA 1971b). In the project vicinity, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffrei), and white fir (Abies concolor) dominate forest stands. Understory species include sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata), bitterbrush (Pursia tridentata), currant (Ribes spp.), wild rose (Rosa spp.), and Ceanothus spp. Young aspens (Populus tremuloides), willows (Salix spp.) and/or lush grass occupy the riparian zones. Typical fauna associated with these plant communities are described in the TRPA series (l97lc). Many of these plants and animals were of economic importance to the prehistoric and historic residents of the area. However, it is doubtful that modern plant and animal communities closely resemble their pristine composition due to historic and modern disturbance involving historic logging, transportation, and recreation activities, and more recent commercial/residential developments. During prehistoric times the area is thought to have supported a luxuriant growth of native bunch grasses that allowed an abundant large game population and provided a nutritious source of seeds for use by early peoples. Tributaries to Lake Tahoe, such as the Upper Truckee River, were once considered prime fisheries and were used by the Washoe Indians and historic Euroamerican residents. PREHISTORY Current understanding of northern Sierra Nevada and western Great Basin prehistory is framed within a chronological sequence spanning nearly 12,000 years that is drawn from paleoclimatic and archaeological studies throughout the western Great Basin, eastern Sierra front and the Tahoe-Truckee area (as summarized in Waechter and Lindström 2014; especially see Elston 1971, 1982, 1986; Elston et al. 1977, 1994, 1995; Heizer and Elsasser 1953; Grayson 1993). In broadest terms, the archaeological signature of the Tahoe Sierra marks a trend from hunting-based societies in earlier times to more dispersed populations that were increasingly reliant upon diverse resources by historic contact. The change in lifeways may be attributed partially to factors involving paleoclimatic fluctuations, a shifting subsistence base, and variable demographics. Pre-Archaic remains suggest occupation by at least 9,000 years ago in the Tahoe Sierra during the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene (~12,500-8,000 years ago) as glaciers retreated, pluvial lakes shrank, and climates warmed (Elston’s et al. 1977 “Tahoe Reach Phase”). Early populations were highly mobile in the pursuit of large game animals. Pre-Archaic to Early Archaic occupation dates from about 7,000-5,500 years ago during the Middle Holocene (~8,000 to 5,500 years ago). Increased warming and drying caused diminished creek flows and lake levels in Tahoe and other regional lakes to drop, allowing trees to grow in areas that were once inundated (Lindström et al. 2000). This period is characterized by a decrease in the number of archaeological sites that may reflect declining resources and populations in the Tahoe Sierra. Early populations around Tahoe are represented by scant occurrences of isolated projectile points (large stemmed, edge-ground projectile points of the Great Basin Stemmed series). STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 10 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist The Early Archaic Period (Elston’s et al. 1977 “Spooner Phase” ca. 7,000 to 4,000 years ago) begins with a mid-Holocene warming trend. Drying lowlands may have prompted sparse populations to travel into upland resource zones like the Tahoe Sierra to hunt. Archaeological sites dated to the Early Archaic are rare and no diagnostic projectile point types have been identified until ca. 5,000 years ago, which is when the Martis Contracting Stem and Split Stem atlatl dart points appear. Big game hunting continued supplemented by intensified seed processing and storage. The “Early” Late Holocene dating between 5,500 and 2,000 years ago (Elston’s et al. 1977 “Early, Middle and Late Martis Phase”) witnessed the end of the Mid-Holocene droughts, with a consequent expansion of forests and woodlands and a rise in Lake Tahoe and other regional lakes and streams that drowned ancient forests along the shoreline (Lindström et al. 2000). This was the most intensive period of prehistoric occupation and diversified land use in the region. A continuing trend toward cooling and increased moisture during the Late Holocene (after ca. 4,000 years ago) with expanding populations of foragers-collectors marks the beginning of the Middle Archaic Period during the Early Martis Phase and continues through the Late Martis Phase to ca. 1,300 years ago (Elston et al. 1995). Martis Corner-notched and Elko Eared projectile points (dating from ca. 3,000 to 1,300 years ago) are the predominant Middle Archaic time markers. Another hallmark of Middle Archaic prehistoric culture in the Tahoe Sierra is the use of basalt in the manufacture of stone tools and production of large bifaces. A warming and drying trend with a decline in winter precipitation during the “Middle” Late Holocene between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago (Elston’s et al. “Late Martis” / “Early Kings Beach” phases) coincided with profound cultural changes. Around 1,000 years ago during the Late Holocene (Elston’s et al 1977 “Kings Beach” Phase), much of the west was affected by frequent and dramatic fluctuations in temperature and precipitation marked by prolonged and severe droughts punctuated by cool-moist episodes that lasted until about 500 years ago (Stine 1994). Late Archaic human populations continued to rise and stressed by periodic but extreme warm and dry conditions (known as the “Medieval Climatic Anomaly”), shifted away from large game hunting to the further pursuit of foods previously ignored (e.g., plants, fish and small game). This period is reflected archaeologically in more intensive use of all parts of the Tahoe Sierra landscape, with more dispersed and ephemeral settlement patterns allowing for year-round residence in the Tahoe highlands at sometimes and prohibiting even seasonal occupation at other times. These changes may reflect the arrival of incoming Numic-speaking populations (e.g., Paiute groups) into an area that had been occupied for thousands of years by Hokan-speakers (Jacobsen 1966), the protohistoric ancestors of the Washoe Indians. The early half of this period (“Early Kings Beach Phase” ca. 1,300 to 700 years ago) is characterized by Rose Spring series arrow points and the latter half (“Late Kings Beach Phase” ca. 700 – 150 years ago) is marked by Desert Side-notched and Cottonwood series arrow points. The bow and arrow (with emphasis on core/flake technology) replaced the atlatl and dart (and production of large bifaces). This period has been associated with the Washoe Indians. It is estimated that the prehistoric Washoe had one of the highest population densities in the western Great Basin, attributed to the bountiful environment in which they lived (Price 1962:2). Historic declines in Washoe population and traditional resource use were caused by disruptions imposed by incoming Euroamerican groups. The Washoe regard all “prehistoric” remains and sites within the Tahoe- Truckee basins as associated with their own history. In support of this contention, they point to the STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 11 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist traditions of their neighbors (the Northern Paiute, California Indians, and non-Indian Americans) that include stories about migrations and movement, whereas theirs do not (Rucks 1996:6). WASHOE HISTORY The study area lies entirely within the nuclear territory of the Washoe Indians (Downs l966) or Wa she shu (Nevers l976). However, use by neighboring Maidu, Miwok and Northern Paiute groups is not ruled out (Bloomer and Lindström 2006:10). The Southern Washoe, or Hung a lel ti of Woodfords and Markleeville, distinguished themselves from the Eastern (Valley) Washoe, or Paw wa lu of Carson Valley, and the Northern Washoe, or Wel mel ti of the Truckee Basin, Washoe, Eagle, and Sierra valleys, and Honey Lake (Downs l966:49; Nevers l976; d'Azevedo 1984, 1986). The Southern Washoe and Eastern Washoe most likely utilized the project vicinity. Lake Tahoe was both the spiritual and physical center of the Washoe world. The Washoe lived along its shores, referring to it as Da ow a ga, which means "edge of lake." The Washoe word, Da ow, mispronounced by whites as "Tahoe," gave rise to the lake's modern name. Freed (l966) and d'Azevedo (1956) have reported the locations of several Washoe encampments at the southern end of the Tahoe Basin, most occurring along the lakeshore and near the major drainages. The Upper Truckee River was the most valued fishery in the Lake Tahoe Basin and its extensive wetland and meadow system was a particularly valued resource (Lindström et al. 2000). According to d'Azevedo's (1956:85) Washoe consultants, the Upper Truckee River was called imgi wa'ta. ImgiwO'tha (Imgi = cutthroat trout; wO'tha = river) was a fishing camp along the Upper Truckee River. MathOcahuwo'tha (mathOcauwa' = white fish; wO'tha = river) was a fall camp on Trout Creek to collect late ripening berries and catch and prepare whitefish for transport on their treks to the Pine Nut Mountains to the east or the acorn groves to the west. The next stopping place after the Trout Creek fish camp, on their journey west to procure acorns, was near Meyers Station on the Upper Truckee River. Minnows and suckers were caught here. Washoe families are reported to have taken up seasonal residence along the meadows bordering Trout Creek and in the vicinity of the Lake Tahoe Community College until the 1940s (Lindström et al. 2000). The Washoe once embodied a blend of Great Basin and California in their geographical position and cultural attributes. While they were an informal and flexible political collectivity, Washoe ethnography hints at a level of technological specialization and social complexity for Washoe groups, which is non-characteristic of their surrounding neighbors in the Great Basin. Semi- sedentism and higher population densities, concepts of private property, and communal labor and ownership are reported and may have developed in conjunction with their residential and subsistence resource stability (Lindström 1992, 1996). The Washoe have a tradition of making long treks across the sierran passes for the purpose of hunting, trading and gathering acorns. The ethnographic record suggests that during the mild season, small groups traveled through high mountain valleys collecting edible and medicinal roots, seeds and marsh plants. While there was a tendency for groups to move from lower to higher elevations during the mild seasons, and to return to lower elevations the remainder of the year (Downs l966), a fixed seasonal round was not rigidly adhered to by all Washoe and some Washoe may have wintered in the Tahoe Sierra during milder seasons (d'Azevedo 1984; l986:472-473). Although some Washoe trekked to distant places for desired resources, most groups circulated in the vicinity of their traditional habitation sites due to the large variety of predictable resources close at hand (d'Azevedo 1984; STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 12 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist l986:472). In the higher elevations, men hunted large game (mountain sheep, deer) and trapped smaller mammals. Suitable toolstone (such as basalt) was quarried at various locales. Archaeological evidence of these ancient subsistence activities is found along the mountain flanks as temporary small hunting camps containing flakes of stone and broken tools. In the high valleys more permanent base camps are represented by stone flakes, tools, grinding implements, and house depressions. Their relatively rich environment afforded the Washoe a degree of isolation and independence from neighboring peoples and may account for their long tenure in their known area of historic occupation (d'Azevedo 1984; 1986:466, 471; Price 1962), as also evidenced by linguistic studies (Jacobsen 1966). The Washoe are part of an ancient Hokan-speaking population, which has been subsequently surrounded by incoming Numic speakers, such as the Northern Paiute (Jacobsen 1966). By the l850s Euroamericans had permanently occupied the Washoe territory and changed traditional lifeways. Mining, lumbering, grazing, commercial fishing, tourism, and the growth of settlements disrupted traditional Indian relationships to the land. As hunting and gathering wild foods were no longer possible, the Washoe were forced into dependency upon the Euroamerican settlers (Lindström et al. 2000). Beginning in 1917, however, the Washoe Tribe began acquiring back a small part of their traditional lands (Nevers 1976:90-91). The Washoe remain as a recognized tribe by the U.S. government and have maintained an established land base. Its tribal members are governed by a tribal council which consists of members of the Carson, Dresslerville, Woodfords, and Reno-Sparks Indian colonies, as well as members from non-reservation areas. Even into the 21st Century, the Washoe have not been completely displaced from their traditional lands. The contemporary Washoe have developed a Comprehensive Land Use Plan (Washoe Tribal Council 1994) that includes goals of reestablishing a presence within the Tahoe Sierra and re-vitalizing Washoe cultural and cultural knowledge, including the harvest and care of traditional plant resources and the protection of traditional properties within the cultural landscape (Rucks 1996:3). EUROAMERICAN HISTORY Transportation and Communication Aside from a few trappers and probably some adventuresome miners moving east from the foothills, the Tahoe Basin was essentially unsettled following the visit by John C. Fremont in l844 until the later l850s. The demand for trans-sierra routes was generated by the need to transport people and supplies to the mines of the Comstock and the Mother Lode. The opening of the Comstock mining boom in Nevada, beginning in mid-1859, prompted a sudden surge of heavy wagon and freight traffic through the Tahoe Basin and quicker routes were sought across the Tahoe Sierra. The project area is in proximity to two major historic routes over the sierra to and through Lake Tahoe's south shore (known historically as Lake Valley), Johnson Pass and Luther Pass. From the gold fields of California through Placerville, the "Bonanza Road", or old Placerville Road (US 50), traversed Johnson Cut-off (Echo Summit), down to Lake Valley (modern-day South Lake Tahoe), and then to Mormon Station (Genoa) on the way to the Washoe mines. Laid out in l852, it was passable for wagons before 1854. Luther Pass (SR 89), which was used as early as 1850, branches off the Johnson Pass Route (US 50) near Meyers. The road up Luther Pass follows south in the vicinity of the Upper Truckee River, to join the Carson Pass Route (SR 88) at historic Pickett's Junction in Hope Valley. In 1854 STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 13 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist Asa Hershel Hawley pioneered a new route into upper Lake Valley. When Luther Pass was surveyed the Hawley Grade was improved. In 1860 the Pony Express route was designated through Lake Valley over Echo Summit and Daggett Pass (US 50/Pioneer Trail/Highway 19/SR 207). By 1863 and throughout the 1870s, the new Lake Bigler (Tahoe) Wagon Road had rechanneled the flow of travel over Echo Pass along Tahoe's south shore and over Spooner Summit (US 50). The "Old Alpine Highway" over Luther Pass (later known as Forest Highway 33 and State Route 34) was established in 1911 by an act passed by the State of California. The highway served as an important trans-sierra link between central California and western Nevada, promoting commerce and providing access to timber tracts, summer ranch lands and hydro-electric development (Psota and Newland 2001) During the 1940s US Highway 50 over Echo Summit and State Route 89 from Truckee to Tahoe City were improved as all-weather roads with year-round maintenance. Lumbering Between 1859 and the early 1870s small-scale logging was developed to supply lumber for local settlers and way stations. For example, Pixley's Mill was established on Heavenly Valley Creek in 1859 and Woodburn's Mill operated on Trout Creek in 1860. The urgent demand for fuel wood and the more pressing needs of the mines (with their square- set timbering system) and those of the growing settlements created an insatiable demand for lumber. Areas east of the crest of the Carson Range were soon depleted of their timber and harvesting was directed to the Lake Tahoe Basin. Much of the logging was done on a contract basis with local loggers who supplied stipulated amounts of timber for large firms. Four major lumber companies operated within the Tahoe Basin. Each developed an impressive network of sawmills, railroads, tramways, flumes, and rafting operations that were designed to cut and move the lumber over the crest of the Carson Range and down to the mines of Washoe. In 1874 the Carson and Tahoe Lumber and Fluming Company (CTLFC) began acquiring timber tracts in Lake Valley. Formed in 1873, the company cut on lands in proximity to Upper Lake Valley eastward to Heavenly Valley during the late 1880s until 1898. With headquarters at Glenbrook, the company (along with its "shadow" organization the El Dorado Wood and Fluming Company, EDWFC) emerged as the chief operator, with holdings in the east central, south and southwestern portion of the Tahoe Basin and in the project vicinity. The company(s) subcontracted out much of it logging to independent operators such as G. W. Chubbuck, who acquired land near Bijou for the EDWFC in 1884. Chubbuck constructed a four-mile logging railroad from the lake up Cold Creek, which was incorporated into the CTLFC's Lake Valley Railroad in 1886. The Lake Valley Railroad logging system comprised at least 13 miles of grade, 16 miles of wagon haul roads, two miles of V-flume and 28 associated railroad/wood camps. The Celio family incorporated their lumber company in 1905 and five years later the corporation built a steam-powered sawmill on property they owned five miles to the south of Meyers. C. G. Celio & Sons supplied local lumber needs from their mill at Meyers Station from 1911. By the end of the 1927 season they had cut out their timber in the upper end of Lake Valley and had to move STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 14 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist their mill to a new site. The second mill was a new and larger plant that they built in 1928 on the county road between Meyers and Fallen Leaf Lake (Knowles 1942:43). For 47 years the Celio family continued in the lumber business. Small-scale logging was conducted in 1946 by the Placerville Lumber Company in upper Trout Creek. Limited logging continued between 1955 and the 1970s as timber stands were re-entered along Trout Creek, upper Saxon Creek, and around Meyers. Modern logging during the 1980s to the present time has been limited to fuelwood and saw log sales aimed at fire and vegetation management. Ranching During the mid-1850s to 1860s markets created by teamsters traveling through Lake Valley prompted the development of seasonal farming and ranching and meadowlands were quickly preempted. By the summer of 1862 over 400 tons of hay had been cut in Lake Valley's meadowlands, a figure that increased to 800 tons in 1875. By 1880 Lake Valley afforded pasturage for 1,800 cows. The Barton family grazed dairy cattle on Barton Meadows along the Upper Truckee River during the 1880s and 1890s. After the demise of logging at the turn of the century, cut-over lands were leased and/or sold for grazing purposes. In 1900 Harry O. Comstock and Melville Lawrence grazed cattle along Trout Creek. By 1908 Chris and Knox Johnson were running cattle around Bijou Meadows, leasing other lands within a radius of Bijou, Lake Christopher, Fountain Place, and Meyers. Members of the Johnson family were pioneer irrigators and developed a ditch system and a series of small dams on Trout, Cold and Heavenly Valley creeks to water Bijou and Trout meadowlands during the summer. The Dresslers first used High Meadows as a summer sheep grazing range in 1915. John C. Scott began acquiring grazing land from lumber companies ca. 1910s and the Johnsons negotiated the purchase of cut-over lands into the mid -1930s. In 1928 John E. Dunlap operated a dairy ranch on land purchased from the CTLFC along the west side of the Upper Truckee River floodplain. Community Development In the spring of 1851 Martin Smith preempted land surrounding a broad and fertile meadow that was later to become Upper Lake Valley. Smith, who bore the distinction as Lake Valley's and the Tahoe region's first white settler, established his trading post in this backcountry wilderness. Smith’s trading post was later developed by Ephraim "Yank" Clement into one of the most famous hostelries and stage stops on the Bonanza Road to Washoe known as Yank’s Station. Yank's Station was the site of the most eastern remount station of the Central Overland Pony Express in California. Yank stayed as owner-proprietor of the station until 1873, when he sold the famous way station, along with several quarter sections of adjoining land, to George Henry Dudley Meyers. Meyers ran a dairy and cattle ranch and sold timber rights. After 30 years at Yank's Station, Meyers began to sell his holdings to Charles G. Celio, who had settled in Lake Valley during the 1860s. A post office was established in 1904. By the 1930s housing subdivisions at Meyers, Al Tahoe and Bijou were thriving. In 1945 Aram Harootunian offered 670 lots for sale at Al Tahoe. To provide basic water and power utilities for growing communities, in 1923-1924 the Tahoe Electric Power Company appropriated surplus STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 15 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist waters on Cold Creek and at Star Lake. Frank Globin's Al Tahoe Hotel and Water Company developed three settling ponds on Cold Creek in 1924 and in 1952. The Company built Lake Christopher as a reservoir and stocked it with fish. Tahoe's south shore expanded with the gaming industry during the 1950s and the opening of Heavenly Valley Ski Resort in 1956, followed by the 1960 Winter Olympics at Squaw Valley created a boom in housing and hospitality development. New subdivision developments continued into the 1960s (Tahoe Paradise, Golden Bear and Meadow Lakes) until environmental regulations during the 1970s began to curb development with the inception of the bi-state Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. To provide basic water and power for growing communities, multiple private utility companies were established; most have now been consolidated under the STPUD. RESULTS To accomplish the cultural study, the STPUD contracted with Susan Lindström, Ph.D., Consulting Archaeologist. Dr. Lindstrӧm exceeds the Secretary of Interior's Professional Qualifications Standards (48 FR 44738-44739). She has over four decades of professional experience in regional prehistory and history, holds a doctoral degree in anthropology/archaeology and has maintained certification by the Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA, former Society of Professional Archaeologists) since 1982 (Appendix 2). PREFIELD RECORDS SEARCH Prefield research (Phase 1A) entailed a literature review of prehistoric and historic themes for the project area and included a review of prior archaeological research and of pertinent published and unpublished literature. Native American outreach is deferred to records searches to be conducted at a later stage of project development. A search of the Sacred Lands Files by the Native American Heritage Commission and follow-up communications with tribes/individuals on the Commission’s contact list would be accomplished with future implementation of specific water and sewer line rehabilitation/replacement projects, using this report as contextual background. An in-house records search (NCIC File No.: Eld-20-98) was performed on October 6, 2020 by staff at the North Central Information Center (NCIC) at California State University, Sacramento. The center is a branch of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS), an adjunct of the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). Records were reviewed by NCIC staff to identify any properties listed on the National Register, California Register and other listings. Given the large number of prior archaeological studies and previously recorded archaeological sites in the project vicinity, the NCIC search area radius was limited to an area within and/or immediately adjacent to the defined project neighborhoods (no greater than 1/16 mile). In addition to the records and maps for sites and studies in El Dorado County, other official inventories were also reviewed: ✓ Office of Historic Preservation’s Historic Property Directory ✓ Determination of Eligibility ✓ California Inventory of Historical Resources ✓ California State Historical Landmarks ✓ National Register of Historical Places/California Register of Historic Resources listings ✓ California Points of Historical Interest STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 16 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist ✓ Caltrans State and Local Bridge Surveys Results of the prefield North Central Information Center records search (Phase 1A) disclosed that 221 prior archaeological studies have been conducted within the STPUD service area with an additional 16 studies occurring outside the project area but within the 1/16-mile search radius. To date 192 archaeological sites have been recorded in the project and 66 more in the search radius. Out of a total of 1,149 entries for historic buildings/structures documented in El Dorado County, 332 structures are contained within South Lake Tahoe. In addition, Caltrans has inventoried and evaluated 13 historic bridges. The California Inventory of Historic Resources lists “Yanks Station- Overland Pony Express Route” in Meyers as State Historic Landmark #708. The Office of Historic Preservation (SHPO) has made determinations of eligibility for listing in the National and California Registers on 18 of these cultural properties. Prior archaeological studies and known archaeological resources within the District service area have been identified as a map overlay that is indicative of relative cultural resource sensitivity. A detailed listing of these archaeological reports and maps showing their locations are contained in Appendix 1 attached to this report. • List of prior archaeological study reports • Location maps of prior archaeological study reports • Caltrans Structure Maintenance and Investigations: Historical Significance – State Agency Bridges (El Dorado County) • El Dorado County Built Environment Resources Directory, South Lake Tahoe • Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility Lists of known cultural resources and maps showing their locations appear in the accompanying confidential appendix (filed under separate cover). • List of known cultural resource • Location maps of known cultural resources ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SURVEY Pipeline upgrades are currently in the early stages of planning. Accordingly, archaeological field surveys (Phase 1B) are pending until waterline and sewer line rehabilitation/replacement areas are specifically defined. Therefore, phased cultural resource reporting is anticipated as archaeological fieldwork is conducted on a project-specific basis. Prior archaeological field studies have primarily involved disturbed ground surfaces along existing STPUD utility rights-of-ways and/or large neighborhood blocks covered by hardscape (e.g., asphalt paving, buildings, etc.). Construction of upcoming water and sewer rehabilitation/replacement projects is also anticipated within the utility right-of-way in previously disturbed surfaces and/or where the ground is obscured by the built environment. General types of disturbance have been organized into six categories based on prior studies conducted throughout much of the District service area: (1) undisturbed STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 17 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist (2) disturbed interface between road shoulder and residential/commercial developed lot, ground surface not obscured (3) disturbed interface along road shoulder and/or between road shoulder and residential/commercial developed lot, ground surface obscured (4) buried utilities and/or drainage ditches (5) cut and fill (6) paved over. Under these circumstances, mixed survey strategies incorporating both a “wind-shield” survey and pedestrian reconnaissance are warranted. Previous field surveys produced negative results, where no known or new cultural resources were discovered. Prior disturbance extends to a considerable depth and likely below any potentially intact archaeological surface or subsurface deposits that could once have been present. POTENTIAL PROJECT IMPACTS Locales containing known archaeological resources or issues of Native American concern, along with any sensitive environmental areas (e.g., stream crossings, wetlands), would be excluded from upcoming projects and thereby eliminated from any construction ground disturbance activities. No historic buildings/structures/objects would be directly impacted, nor would the setting surrounding any archaeological or historical property be indirectly affected or altered from its present state. Apart from known cultural resources, it is possible that buried or concealed cultural resources could be present and detected during project ground disturbance activities. A registered professional archaeologist should be on-call during future project construction; if cultural resources are discovered, work should stop near the find and the project sponsor should consult on recommended mitigation procedures. In the unlikely event that human remains are encountered, all activities should stop, and the County Coroner’s Office should be contacted. In the unlikely event that human remains are encountered during the proposed project, all activities should be stopped immediately, and the County Coroner’s Office should be contacted pursuant to Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 7050.5. If the remains are determined to be of Native American origin, the NAHC should be notified within 24 hours of determination, as required by PRC Section 5097.94, 5097.98 and 5097.99. The NAHC should notify designated Most Likely Descendants (in this case the Washoe Tribe), who should provide recommendations for the treatment of the remains within 24 hours. STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 18 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist REFERENCES CITED Birkeland, Peter W. l964 Pleistocene Glaciation of the Northern Sierra Nevada, North of Lake Tahoe, California. Journal of Geology 72:8l0-825. Bloomer, William and Susan Lindström 2006 Archaeological Investigations at Squaw Valley. Report on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Burnette, J. L. 1968 Geology of the Lake Tahoe Basin. In: Geological Studies in the Lake Tahoe Area Annual Field Trip Guidebook of the Geological Society of Sacramento. J. R. Evans, ed. d'Azevedo, Warren 1956 Washoe Place Names. Manuscript on file Special Collections Department, Getchell Library, University of Nevada, Reno. 1984 The Washoe. Unpublished manuscript in possession of the author. Reno. l986 Washoe. In: Handbook of North American Indians Great Basin, Vol. 11, pp. 466-498. William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Downs, James F. 1966 The Two Worlds of Washoe. An Indian Tribe of California. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York. Elston, R. G. 1971 A Contribution to Washo Archeology. Nevada Archaeological Survey Research Paper 2. Special Collections Department, Getchell Library, University of Nevada. Reno. 1982 Good Times, Hard Times: Prehistoric Culture Change in the Western Great Basin. In Man and the Environment in the Great Basin, edited by D. B. Madison and J. F. O'Connell, pp. 186-206. SAA Papers No. 2. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C. 1986 Prehistory of the Western Area. In Great Basin, edited by W. L. d'Azevedo, Handbook of North American Indians, Vol 11, W. G. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. pp. 135-148 Elston, R. G., K. A. Ataman, and D. P. Dugas STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 19 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist 1995 A Research Design for the Southern Truckee Meadows Prehistoric Archaeological District. Report on file Toiyabe National Forest. Sparks. Elston, R. G., J. O. Davis, A. Leventhal and C. Covington l977 The Archeology of the Tahoe Reach of the Truckee River. Report to Tahoe Truckee Sanitation Agency, Truckee, CA. Ms on file, Special Collections, Getchell Library, UNR. Elston, R. G., S. Stornetta, D. P. Dugas, and P. Mires 1994 Beyond the Blue Roof: Archaeological Survey of the Mt. Rose Fan and Northern Steamboat Hills. Ms. on file, Intermountain Research, Silver City. Freed, S. A. 1966 Washoe Habitation Sites in the Lake Tahoe Area. University of California Archaeological Survey Report 66:73-83. Grayson, Donald. K. 1993 The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Heizer, R. F. and A. B. Elsasser l953 Some Archaeological Sites and Cultures of the Central Sierra Nevada. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports, No. 2l, Berkeley. Jacobsen, W. 1966 Washo Linguistic Studies. In The Current Status of Anthropological Research in the Great Basin, 1964, edited by W. d'Azevedo, pp. 113-136. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences. 1:113-136. Knowles, C. P. 1942 A History of Lumbering in the Truckee Basin from 1856 to 1936. WPA Official Project Number 9512373. Manuscript on file Nevada Historical Society. Reno Lindström, Susan G. 1992 Great Basin Fisherfolk: Optimal Diet Breadth Modeling of the Truckee River Prehistoric Subsistence Fishery. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Davis. 1996 Great Basin Fisherfolk: Optimal Diet Breadth Modeling of the Truckee River Prehistoric Subsistence Fishery. In Prehistoric Hunter-Gathering Fishing Strategies, edited by M. Plew. Boise State University Press. Boise, Idaho. STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 20 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist 2015 South Tahoe Public Utility District Fire Hydrant Service Expansion Project Cultural Resource Inventory. 2016 STPUD District-Wide Metering Project Cultural Resource Inventory. Lindström, Susan, Penny Rucks and Peter Wigand 2000 Chapter 2: A Contextual Overview of Human Land use and Environmental Conditions. In The Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment Vol. 1. USDA Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. South Lake Tahoe, California. Nevers, J. l976 Wa She Shu: A Tribal History. University of Utah Printing Service. Salt Lake City. 2000 Personal communication. Truckee. Psota, Sunshine and Michael Newland 2001 Historical Resource Evaluation Report of Abandoned Alignments of State Routes 34 and 88 from East of Dew Drop Station to Carson Pass, Amador, El Dorado and Alpine Counties. Report on file North Central Information Center (#2772), California State University, Sacramento. Price, J. A. 1962 Washoe Economy. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Paper 6. Carson City. Rucks, M. 1996 Ethnographic Report for North Shore Ecosystems Cultural Resource Report (HRR#05-19-297). Ms. on file, USFS - Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe. Stine, Scott 1994 Extreme and Persistent Drought in California and Patagonia during Medieval Time. Nature 369(6481):546-549. Storer, T. and R. Usinger l97l Sierra Nevada Natural History. Berkeley: University of California Press. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency 1971a Soils of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. South Lake Tahoe. STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 21 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist 1971b Vegetation of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. South Lake Tahoe. 1971c Wildlife of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency. South Lake Tahoe. Waechter, Sharon A. and Susan G. Lindström 2014 Archaeological Investigations for the Proposed Martis Valley Trail Segments 1 and 3A, Placer County. Report prepared by Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc., Davis and Susan Lindström, Consulting Archaeologist. Report on file North Central Information Center, California State University, Sacramento. Washoe Tribal Council 1994 Comprehensive Land Use Plan. Report on file Tribal Government Headquarters. Gardnerville. STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 22 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist APPENDIX 1 NORTH CENTRAL INFORMATION CENTER RECORDS SEARCH RESULTS North Central Information Center Correspondence List and Maps of Prior Archaeological Studies Caltrans Structure Maintenance and Investigations: Historical Significance – State Agency Bridges (El Dorado County) El Dorado County Built Environment Resources Directory (excerpts), South Lake Tahoe OHP Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 23 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 24 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 25 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 26 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 27 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 28 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 29 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 30 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 31 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 32 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 33 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 34 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 35 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 36 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 37 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 38 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 39 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 40 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 41 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 42 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 43 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 44 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 45 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 46 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 47 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 48 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 49 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 50 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 51 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 52 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 53 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 54 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 55 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 56 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 57 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 58 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 59 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 60 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 61 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 62 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 63 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 64 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 65 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 66 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist El Dorado County Built Environment Resources Directory (excerpts): South Lake Tahoe STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 67 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 68 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 69 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 70 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 71 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 72 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility (listings within project area highlighted in yellow) STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 73 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 74 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 75 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 76 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 77 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 78 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 79 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist APPENDIX 2 RESUME STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 80 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 81 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist STPUD Water and Sewer Replacements Project November 2020 82 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist